In it, I examined in practice the effect of processor dependence on the performance of the graphics subsystem. In short, modern games require a chip with at least four threads, but no less. Affects the performance of the graphics adapter in games and the clock speed of the central processor. Therefore, it is true that a powerful video card requires a powerful chip. Examples are below.

The purpose of this material is to understand the nomenclature and features modern processors. In 2016, both AMD and Intel have a large number of current models, divided into several lines. So it turns out that there are only two manufacturers, but there are several dozen chips on sale. It may sound cliche, but the choice of processor is extremely important, since it also determines how the platform will be used. And the platform is responsible for the overall functionality of the system and the possibility of further upgrades. But we'll start with a more pressing question.

Does it make sense to change the processor?

A completely logical question for any user. Every year, either AMD, or Intel, or all together offer the public something new. It is logical to assume that the previous generation of processors automatically becomes irrelevant, and in general old chips turn into pumpkins. But no matter how it is! Unfortunately/fortunately (underline as appropriate), the productivity of modern solutions is growing extremely slowly. Personally, in my reviews for years now I have been saying that there is no need to frequently upgrade the central processor. This is not the iPhone, which rabid fanatics change every year in order to constantly be in trend.

Happy owners of Intel Sandy Bridge(and higher) and AMD Bulldozer can sleep peacefully

Let me give you a real example. Let's take five flagship 4-core processors different generations Core. The most modern chip - Core i7-6700K (sixth (extreme) generation of Core) - was released last summer. The Core i7-2600K model (second generation Core) appeared when our country was led by Dmitry Medvedev, and the dollar was valued at 31 rubles. The difference in performance in CINEBENCH R15 between these chips is only 34.8%. And this is over five years of evolution of the Core generation. During this time, Intel changed two technical processes and released the first chips capable of working with clock frequency 4 GHz.

In games, the difference between these chips will be even smaller. For example, in GTA V (a very processor-dependent application), the Core i7-6700K is only 7% faster than the Core i7-2600K.

The conclusion is simple: chip owners Generation Sandy Bridge (2011), as well as later solutions, can sleep peacefully. But switching from some Core 2 Duo to the latest generation Core i5/i7 is rational and will give a noticeable increase in performance.

AMD has the same situation. There are processors of the Bulldozer family from 2011. They are not much inferior to the models released last year. Somewhere by 10-20%.

Choosing a processor - choosing a platform

So, choosing a processor is a choice of platform. Sometimes the opposite happens. For example, if you collect gaming computer from three to four video cards. And yet, a large number of comments in the “” section indicate that first the user decides on the chip, and only then on the motherboard.

AMD and Intel have several current platforms at once. For the “reds” it is , and , for the “blues” it is , and . The platform bears the same name as the processor socket. For greater clarity, I will provide the following table.

Intel typically offers one platform for two generations of processors. Consequently, new chips will be released soon for LGA1151 and LGA2011-v3. in development. AM3+ was introduced in 2011 and has not changed since then. FM2+ is already more than two years old. These platforms are the ultimate ones. Fundamentally new chips for them will no longer be released. New AMD processors Zen, which is scheduled to be announced this year, will receive a new AM4 platform. On this moment solutions Intel is more modern and more functional. It's very easy to prove.

Main characteristics of the central processor

The performance of any central processor is affected by several key parameters. They have a cumulative effect. It is impossible to determine one characteristic that determines the level of performance of a particular chip. Simple examples and comparisons will help us.

I have met many people who believe that the performance of a central processor is affected by the manufacturing process. Like, the thinner (smaller) it is, the faster the chip. No, that's not true. For example, AMD's flagship processors are considered to be the 32-nanometer FX series of chips, and not the 28-nanometer Kaveri A10/8/6 hybrids. Intel has a similar situation with Core i7 processors of the Haswell-E and Skylake generations: 22 nanometers versus 14 nanometers!

A more modern process technology does not mean better processor performance

The technical process indicates the modernity of the model, as well as indirect parameters of the chip. Fewer nanometers means more transistors on a crystal. Fewer nanometers means less power consumption (at the same frequencies and the same transistor budget); fewer nanometers means more chips on a silicon wafer (production is more profitable, however, with some reservations).

It is the use of more advanced technological standards that allows integrated circuits to develop, including extensively. Ten years ago, Intel released the dual-core Pentium D 955 with a TDP (typical processor power consumption in operating mode) of about 130 W. This year, the chipmaker will present the first desktop 10-core Broadwell-E “stone” with a similar power consumption indicator. It will be produced using a 14-nanometer process technology.

TDP - design thermal power. Energy dissipated at maximum load processor

Currently, the TDP level of modern desktop (used in desktops) processors falls within the range of 35-220 W. The spread is decent, because there are a lot of models. Almost all chips require active cooling. The hotter the "stone", the more efficient cooler it requires.

The number of cores is one of the most important parameters of any central processor. However, software decides a lot in this matter. If the program does not know how to parallelize the load between all threads of the chip, then this is of little use. In this case, other parameters will affect the processor performance.

One more example. Let's take the 8-core flagship AMD FX-9590 chip and compare it with a top-end 8-core processor Intel Core i7-5960X. With the same number of “heads”, the difference in performance between these solutions reaches almost double the value! All because of the architecture - another important parameter of the CPU.

Core to core - discord

All modern AMD chips have a modular architecture. In short, two cores are placed in one module, which share a certain set of common components. For example, a second level cache. The line includes FX-8000/9000 processors. They have four modules. Formally, these chips have every right to be considered 8-core, but in fact they are 4-core. Hence the huge difference between the FX-9590 and the Core i7-5960X. The company's marketers, however, have a stranglehold on the more attractive number 8. In the end, we have what we have.

Architecture is not just about the arrangement of cores inside a chip. There are many other parameters that determine the performance of an integrated circuit (chip). As we have already found out, the difference in performance between Intel architectures is insignificant: Skylake is 5% faster than Broadwell, and Broadwell is another 5% faster than Haswell. This is why cases arise when an old generation processor turns out to be at least no slower than the new model. For example, with the same cost, the Core i5-6400 (Skylake, 2015) in some cases does not outperform the Core i5-4460 (Haswell, 2013). The answer is simple: the 5-10 percent architectural handicap is easily overcome by operating at a higher clock frequency.

Accordingly, frequency is another important parameter of the central processor. And he is on everyone's lips. It is the frequency that places the chips in their places in their lines. It is the frequency that determines the final cost of the product. The cheapest 8-core AMD processor (FX-8320E) costs 10,000 rubles, and the most expensive (FX-9590) costs 22,000 rubles. The only difference between chips is the number of megahertz and, as a result, the TDP level.

Another parameter of most modern central processors is the performance of the integrated graphics core. For a long time now, mainstream AMD and Intel chip lines have been equipped with integrated video. Half of the chip area is dedicated to integrated graphics. And, not surprisingly, it is progressing noticeably from generation to generation. Integrated GPUs, be they from AMD or Intel, are still far from the average discrete graphics cards. price range. Therefore, it is unrealistic to assemble a truly gaming system unit using only integrated graphics. And yet, simple games in resolutions up to 1080p will run on low/medium settings. A processor with integrated graphics is an ideal solution for an office computer or a multimedia system unit in a compact case (HTPC).

The result is banal: it is impossible to judge the performance of any central processor by only one parameter. Only a set of characteristics gives an understanding of what kind of chip it is. Narrowing down the processors to consider is very easy. AMD's modern ones include FX chips for the AM3+ platform and A10/8/6 hybrid solutions of the 6000 and 7000 series (plus Athlon X4) for FM2+. Intel has Haswell processors for the LGA1150 platform, Haswell-E (essentially one model) for LGA2011-v3, and the latest Skylake for LGA1151.

AMD processors

I repeat, the difficulty in choosing a processor lies in the fact that there are a lot of models on sale. You simply get confused in this variety of markings. AMD has hybrid processors A8 and A10. Both lines include only quad-core chips. But what's the difference? Let's talk about this.

Let's start with positioning. AMD FX processors are top chips for the AM3+ platform. Game games are assembled on their basis. system units and workstations. Hybrid processors (with built-in video) of the A-series, as well as Athlon X4 (without built-in graphics) are mid-class chips for the FM2+ platform.

The AMD FX series is divided into quad-core, six-core and eight-core models. All processors do not have a built-in graphics core. Therefore, for a complete build you will need either a motherboard with built-in video or a discrete 3D accelerator.

There are models on sale with the letter “E” in the name. For example, AMD FX-8320E. This chip belongs to the caste of energy-efficient solutions - their TDP level does not exceed 95 W, which is not bad for 32-nanometer 8-core processors, but in general it is still a lot.

All “stones” for the AM3+ platform have an unlocked multiplier. This means that the user . More precisely, its simplified (as far as possible) version. If desired, the operating speed of most FX chips can be increased to 4.5-4.7 GHz. You just need to take care of high-quality cooling. Moreover, not every motherboard is capable of such feats.

All processors for the AM3+ platform have an unlocked multiplier

All FX series processors support Turbo Core technology - automatic acceleration. For example, the FX-8300 chip can independently raise the frequency from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz. He does this inconsistently, for short periods of time. But still.

The A10/A8/A6 series of hybrid processors is divided into dual-core and quad-core models. All chips are equipped with an integrated graphics core. The computing part is based on the more advanced Steamroller architecture. It is slightly faster than Piledriver, which is used in FX. But APUs do not have a third-level cache. Let's look at the main features of Kaveri processors (aka Godavari).

As you can see, the A8 and A10 processors have different graphics cores built into them. The computing part of these hybrids is identical. On sale you can find a model with the letter “K” in the name. For example, AMD A10-7870K. This marking indicates that the chip has an unlocked multiplier. Other processors are also overclocked, but it all depends on your agility motherboard— how many megahertz it will take over the bus.

A good example. There are two processors: A8-7670K (RUB 10,000) and A10-7800 (RUB 12,000). The second model is higher in rank. In addition, it costs 2000 rubles more. But in non-graphics calculations, the A8-7670K will be faster due to a higher clock speed: 3600 MHz versus 3500 MHz.

Hybrid processors are divided depending on the number of cores, frequency and type of integrated graphics

There is an exception to the rule. For example, the A10-7700K belongs to the A10 line, but the integrated graphics of this hybrid processor corresponds to the level of A8 series chips with 384 shader units. Also, I did not include the A4-7000 series chips in the table. These are very slow processors with one module (two slow cores) and very slow integrated graphics.

There are Athlon series chips for the FM2+ platform. These are the same Kaveri, but with a locked graphics core. For example, the Athlon X4 860K is the same A10-7850K, but without a built-in GPU. If a priori the option of assembling a system with a discrete video card is considered, then it makes sense to take the Athlon X4.

Hybrid processors, like FX, support the Turbo Core function. Here the A10-7850K model automatically accelerates from 3.7 GHz to 4 GHz.

Which line of processors is better: FX or A10/8/6? It's all very banal. FX chips, even though they are produced using an old technical process, even if they are built on a slower Piledriver architecture, even if they are part of a frankly outdated platform, they are still somewhat faster. If only because there are 6- and 8-core models. There are also several products on sale whose clock speed has exceeded 4 GHz. Plus they accelerate better than Kaveri. Hybrid processors are useful where integrated graphics are needed. In other cases, for example, when assembling a gaming computer, it is better to take FX.

Intel processors

For Intel processors, we highlight three modern platforms: LGA1150 for Haswell, LGA2011-v3 for Haswell-E and LGA1151 for Skylake. It turns out that there are two middle-class directions and one extreme one, which includes, in fact, re-labeled Xeon server chips. The LGA1150 and LGA1151 platforms themselves are very similar, the “stones” are formed into lines according to similar principles.

Haswell processors can be confusing. The names of the Core i3/i5/i7 series chips strictly contain the number “4”. Core i3-4130, for example. But the budget “stones” Celeron and Pentium have different serial numbers. Pentium G3260 and Celeron G1840. Another thing is important: these chips do not support AVX and AES instructions.

There are models on sale with the letters “T” and “S” in the name. These chips operate at lower frequencies. Their TDP does not exceed 35 W declared by the manufacturer in the first case and 65 W in the second. The frequency of the Core i3-4160T is only 3.1 GHz, while the “simple” Core i3-4160 has a frequency of 3.6 GHz. The Core i5-4590S processor is also suitable for installation in embedded systems. This is indicated by additional markings. It is better to install “ordinary” chips with higher frequencies in stationary PCs for the same money.

I did not include Broadwell generation processors in the table, which are also compatible with the LGA1150 platform. Firstly, there are only two models installed in the socket: Core i7-5775C and Core i5-5675C. They are noticeably more expensive than their Haswell counterparts, operate at low frequencies, but all with an unlocked multiplier. The final price of the product is determined by the number of devices in the batch and the complexity of production. Broadwell is a complex processor. It received a fourth level cache in the form of a separate chip and powerful Iris Pro 6200 graphics. These models will be of interest mainly to those who want to get a powerful PC in an ultra-compact case.

Now have the most powerful integrated graphics Intel solutions

Let me remind you that Broadwell is, roughly speaking, the same Haswell, but transferred to a new technological process, that is, 14 nanometers. This is the general concept of the “tick-tock” release of Intel processors.

The Skylake line of processors is formed in the same way as Haswell. Chips for LGA1150 and LGA1151 are similar even in terms of functionality. At the time of publication of the article, Intel presented only the Pentium and Core i3/i5/i7 lines. No Celerons yet.

Core i5 and Core i7 (both Haswell and Broadwell) support automatic Turbo Boost overclocking. The principle of its operation is similar to Turbo Core from AMD. The Core i3 and Core i7 series support Hyper-threading technology: each physical core has an additional virtual thread. This does not double the performance of the chips, but there is definitely an increase in multi-threaded programs. And even in modern processor-dependent games.

Skylake - the most relevant and modern solutions for the next couple of years

Pentium for LGA1151 finally received support for the AES-NI instruction set. With its help, cryptography is noticeably accelerated. There is still no AVX support. The Pentium G4400 model stands out from the general order of stumps. It has a slightly increased TDP (54 W), but at the same time it has a slow (compared to HD Graphics 530) HD Graphics 510 graphics core.

All Skylake chips have a dual memory controller. The user will independently decide which motherboard to choose: . The memory controller of any Skylake is designed to work with either DDR3L-1333/1600 or DDR4-1866/2133.

Haswell-E flagship chips are available in three models. That's all. The processors are built on the Haswell architecture, but only work with DDR4 RAM in 4-channel mode. All the juice of Haswell-E is in a large number of very fast cores: from 6 to 8.

The Core i7-5960X is the fastest desktop processor available today. Eight cores and 16 threads! In the summer, Intel will introduce a 10-core Broadwell-E chip compatible with the LGA2011-v3 platform, then the Core i7-5960X will resign. However, the Core i7-5820K model is of the greatest interest, as it costs a relatively small 390 US dollars. The difference between this chip and the Core i7-5930K lies not only in the frequency, but also in the number of built-in PCI Express 3.0 lanes. The younger model has 28 lines, the older one has 40. This nuance is not worth overpaying $190.

Core i7-5960X - the fastest desktop processor of our time

Between the Core i7-4790K, Core i7-6700K and Core i7-5820K - the flagships of each platform - I choose the 6-core one. The advantages are obvious. There is one downside: building a computer on LGA2011-v3 will cost a pretty penny, because there are no cheap motherboards for Haswell-E chips.

When choosing between Haswell (LGA1150) and Skylake (LGA1151), questions and discrepancies will arise. The platform for 14-nanometer processors is more modern, but the logic of the Z170 Express (and its younger analogues) does not bring anything radical. Using DDR4 memory at this stage of development of the standard does not provide any preferences. As we have already found out, the Skylake architecture is faster than Haswell, but the 14-nanometer chips themselves are more expensive. As a result, situations arise when, at an identical price, the Core i5-6400 is generally no faster than the Core i5-4460. Or here’s another example: the Core i7-6700K is not seriously ahead of the Core i7-4790K, but it costs about 5,000 rubles more. Let’s also take into account that today a set of DDR4 memory and a Z170/H170/B150 Express motherboard are more expensive than DDR3 and Z97/H97/B85 Express, respectively.

Skylake has advantages of a “domestic” nature. These chips are cooler than Haswell. Non-overclockable Core models i5/i7 consume/emit much less energy. It turns out that with Skylake the user does not need to invest in purchasing a better cooling system, and the computer as a whole is quieter.

Need to save money on buying a processor, memory and motherboard? Let's take Haswell. If you have the means, take Skylake

As practice shows, Skylake chips overclock better. Not only models with the letter “K” in the name (like Haswell), but also all others are subject to overclocking - due to an increase in the frequency of the clock generator. , but this is the first generation of Core chips (since the advent of Sandy Bridge), which is allowed to overclock non-K processors on the bus.

Skylake and Haswell processors are suitable for building gaming computers using no more than two video cards. These chips have a total of 16 PCI Express 3.0 lanes, which are divided in half using the Z170/Z97 chipsets. Do you want more? Then it is better to use the LGA2011-v3 platform.

Which is better: AMD or Intel?

It is difficult to answer this question in one word. On the one hand, many tests demonstrate that Intel solutions have a more productive architecture. Over the years, various generations of Core have outpaced Bulldozer's modular architecture. I have already compared the top 8-core Core i7 with the top 8-core FX-9000. In some applications, the Intel chip is twice as fast as the AMD processor. On the other hand, the Reds do not pretend to do more. So there is a definite shift: AMD flagships compete with Intel’s middling ones. This can be seen also in the prices. The advantages of Intel processors include a lower TDP level, as well as more modern (read functional) platforms.

I suggest that you familiarize yourself with the performance comparison table between AMD and Intel central processors. The correspondence is simplified, since for a more detailed comparison it is necessary to separately study the characteristics of specific models.

And now I offer a list of the most interesting (in my opinion) models of central processors, from which you can always extract more performance if desired.

• Intel Pentium G3258. I'm a simple person. I see a processor with an unlocked multiplier - I overclock it. The G3258 model was born in honor of the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. And Intel engineers equipped it with an unlocked multiplier. As a result, this “stump” quite easily accelerates to 4.5-4.7 GHz. Where multithreading is not required, it turns out very quickly.
• AMDFX-4300. The cheapest 4-core processor with an unlocked multiplier. This chip is enough to build a budget gaming computer. Let's say .
• IntelCorei3-6100. Very fast two cores on Skylake architecture. Hyper-threading support is useful in multi-threaded applications and modern games. With desire and proper selection of components, these 3.7 GHz can easily turn into 4.7 GHz. There is no need to purchase an overclocker for this.
• AMDFX-8320E. The cheapest 8-core AMD processor. It works at a low frequency of 3.2 GHz, but I completely agree with the opinion that for FX chips the declared operating speed does not matter much if the user has overclocking skills. Specifically, the FX-8320E will launch at 4.5 GHz under certain circumstances. Perhaps even higher.

• AMDFX-8350. For those who for some reason do not intend to use overclocking. The model out of the box operates at 4 GHz. I don’t see any point in taking a more expensive model (FX-8370 or FX-9000).
• IntelCorei5-6400. The cheapest 4-core processor based on the Skylake architecture. The low clock speed of 2.7 GHz is frustrating, but I already wrote about that. However, this parameter can always be increased - somewhere up to 4-4.2 GHz. It will be useful in games. In applications that use AVX instructions, we will only make things worse.
• IntelCorei5-6600K. High frequency, unlocked multiplier. The golden mean for gamers and overclockers.

• Intel Core i7-6700K. The Core i7-4790K processor also runs at 4 GHz and is noticeably cheaper, but it is very hot. Thanks for this both to the features of the architecture and . It is difficult to overclock without using a super cooler or a powerful water cooling system. The Core i7-6700K is noticeably cooler and overclocks better.
• IntelCorei7-5820K. Everything is very simple here. For a relatively reasonable price (compared to other Haswell-E) we get very fast six cores.

Finally

According to statistics, the central processor, and indeed the computer platform in general, is updated less often than other components in the computer. Replacing the video card is easy. It's easy to add RAM to empty slots. Installing another drive into the system is easy. But, as a rule, people don’t get around to upgrading the processor. That is why it is necessary to get the chip right the first time and not skimp on it. To live happily ever after. It’s been like that for about five years (I take this opportunity to convey warm greetings to all Sandy Bridge owners!). After all, processors have been progressing extremely slowly in terms of performance lately.

This article will take a detailed look at the latest generations of Intel processors based on the Core architecture. This company occupies a leading position in the market computer systems. Majority modern computers assembled on chips from this particular company.

Intel: development strategy

Previous generations of processors from Intel were subject to a two-year cycle. This strategy for releasing new processors from this company is called “Tick-Tock”. The first stage, called "tick", is to transfer the processor to a new one technological process. For example, the Ivy Bridge (2nd generation) and Sandy Bridge (3rd generation) generations were identical in terms of architecture. However, the production technology of the former was based on a standard of 22 nm, and the latter - 32 nm. The same can be said about Broad Well (5th generation) and Has Well (4th generation). The “so” stage, in turn, involves a radical change in the architecture of semiconductor crystals and a significant increase in performance. The following transitions can be cited as an example:

- 1st generation West merre and 2nd generation Sandy Bridge. In this case, the technological process was identical (32 nm), but the architecture has undergone significant changes. The north bridge of the motherboard and the built-in graphics amplifier were moved to the central processor;

— 4th generation “Has Well” and 3rd generation “Ivy Bridge”. The level of power consumption of the computer system was optimized, and the clock speeds of the chips were increased.

— 6th generation “Sky Like” and 5th generation “Broad Well”: clock speeds were also increased and energy consumption levels were improved. Several new instructions have been added to improve performance.

Processors based on the Core architecture: segmentation

CPUs from Intel are positioned in the market as follows:

— Celeron is the most affordable solution. Suitable for use in office computers designed to solve the most simple problems.

- Pentium - almost completely identical to Celeron processors in architectural terms. However, higher frequencies and larger L3 cache give these processor solutions a certain advantage in terms of performance. This CPU belongs to the gaming PC segment entry level.

- Corei3 - occupy the middle segment of CPUs from Intel. The two previous types of processors typically have two computing units. The same can be said about Corei3. However, for the first two families of chips there is no support for HyperTrading technology. U Core processors i3 it is available. Thus, at the software level, two physical modules can be converted into four program processing threads. This allows for a significant increase in performance levels. Based on such products, you can build your own mid-level gaming personal computer, entry-level server, or even a graphics station.

— Corei5 – occupy a niche of solutions above the average level, but below the premium segment. These semiconductor crystals boast the presence of four physical cores at once. This architectural feature gives them a performance advantage. The more recent generation of Corei5 processors has high clock speeds, which allows for constant performance gains.

— Corei7 – occupy a niche in the premium segment. The number of computational units in them is the same as in Corei5. However, they, just like Corei3, have support for the Hypertrading technology. For this reason, four cores are converted into eight processed threads at the software level. It is this feature that allows us to provide a phenomenal level of performance that any personal computer built on Intel Corei7 can boast of. These chips have an appropriate price.

Processor sockets

Generations of Intel Core processors can be installed in Various types sockets. For this reason, it will not be possible to install the first chips based on this architecture on a 6th generation CPU motherboard. And the chip code-named “SkyLike” cannot be installed on the motherboard for the second and first generation processors. The first processor socket is called Socket H or LGA 1156. The number 1156 here indicates the number of pins. This connector was released in 2009 for the first central processors manufactured using 45 nm and 32 nm process standards. Today, this socket is considered morally and physically obsolete. LGA 1156 was replaced in 2010 by LGA 1155 or Socket H1. Motherboards in this series support second and third generation Core chips. Their code names are "Sandy Bridge" and "Ivy Bridge" respectively. 2013 was marked by the release of the third socket for chips, created based on the Core architecture - LGA 1150 or Socket H2. This processor socket could accommodate fourth and fifth generation processors. In 2015, the LGA 1150 socket was replaced by the current LGA 1151 socket.

First generation chips

The most affordable processors were Celeron G1101 (operating at a frequency of 2.27 GHz), Pentium G6950 (2.8 GHz), Pentium G6990 (2.9 GHz). All of these solutions had two cores. The segment of mid-range solutions was occupied by Corei 3 processors with the designation 5XX (two cores/four threads for information processing). One step higher were processors designated 6XX. They had identical parameters to Corei3, but the frequency was higher. At the same stage was the 7XX processor with four real cores. The most productive computer systems were assembled based on the Corei7 processor. These models were designated as 8XX. In this case, the fastest chip was marked 875 K. Such a processor could be overclocked using an unlocked multiplier. However, his price was appropriate. For these processors, you can get a significant increase in performance. The presence of the prefix K in the designation of the central processing unit means that the processor multiplier is unlocked and this model can be overclocked. The prefix S was added to the designation of energy-efficient chips.

Sandy Bridge and planned architectural renovation

The first generation of chips based on the Core architecture was replaced in 2010 by a new solution codenamed Sandy Bridge. Key Feature of this device was the transfer of the built-in graphics accelerator and the north bridge to the silicon processor chip.

In the niche of more budget processor solutions were the Celeron G5XX and G4XX series processors. In the first case, two computing units were used at once, and in the second, the third-level cache was cut down and only one core was present. Pentium processors G6XX and G8XX are located one step higher. In this case, the difference in performance was provided by higher frequencies. It was precisely because of this important characteristic that the G8XX looked much more preferable in the eyes of the user. The Corei3 processor line was represented by 21XX models. Some designations had a T index at the end. It denoted the most energy-efficient solutions with reduced performance. Corei5 solutions were designated 25XX, 24XX, 23XX. The higher the marking of the model, the higher the performance level of the CPU. If the letter “S” is added at the end of the name, this means an intermediate option in terms of energy consumption between the “T” version and the standard crystal. The index “P” means that the graphics accelerator is disabled in the device. Chips with the “K” index had an unlocked multiplier. Similar markings remain relevant for the third generation of this architecture.

New advanced technological process

In 2013, the third generation of processors based on this architecture was released. The key innovation was a new technological process. Otherwise, there were no significant innovations. All of them are physically compatible with the previous generation processor. They could be installed in the same motherboards. The notation structure remains the same. Celeron was designated G12XX, and Pentium was designated G22XX. At the beginning, instead of “2” there was “3”. This indicated belonging to the third generation. The Corei3 line had indexes 32XX. More advanced Corei5 processors were designated 33XX, 34XX, and 35XX. The flagship Core i7 devices were labeled 37XX.

Fourth generation Core architecture

The fourth generation of Intel processors was the next step. In this case, the following markings were used. Central processor devices economy class were designated as G18XX. Pentium processors – 41XX and 43XX – had the same indices. Corei5 processors could be recognized by the abbreviations 46XX, 45XX, and 44XX. The designation 47XX was used to designate Corei7 processors. The fifth generation of Intel processors based on this architecture was mainly aimed at use in mobile devices. For stationary personal computers, only chips belonging to the i7 and i5 lines were released, and only a limited number of models. The first of them were designated as 57XX, and the second - 56XX.

Promising solutions

At the beginning of autumn 2015, the sixth generation of Intel processors debuted. This is the most current processor architecture at the moment. In this case, the entry-level chips are designated as G39XX for Celeron, G44XX and G45XX for Pentium. Corei3 processors are designated 61XX and 63XX. Corei5 in turn are designated as 64XX, 65XX and 66XX. Only one solution, 67XX, is allocated for the designation of flagship models. The new generation of processor solutions from Intel is only at the beginning of development, so such solutions will remain relevant for a long time.

Overclocking Features

All chips based on this architecture have a locked multiplier. For this reason, overclocking the device can only be done by increasing the system bus frequency. In the latest sixth generation, motherboard manufacturers will have to disable this ability to increase system speed in the BIOS. In this regard, processors of the Corei7 and Corei5 series with the K index are an exception. For these devices the multiplier is unlocked. This allows you to significantly increase the performance of computer systems built on the basis of such semiconductor products.

Users' opinions

All generations of Intel processors listed in this material have a high degree of energy efficiency and a phenomenal level of performance. Their only drawback is their too high cost. The only reason here is that Intel's direct competitor, AMD, cannot offer any worthwhile solutions. For this reason, Intel sets the price tag for its products based on its own considerations.

Conclusion

This article examined in detail the generations of Intel processors for desktop personal computers. This list will be quite enough to understand the designations and names of processors. There are also options for computer enthusiasts and various mobile sockets. This is all done so that the end user can get the most optimal processor solution. Today, the most relevant are sixth generation chips. When assembling a new PC, you should pay attention to these models.

Introduction

Third generation Intel Core i5: detailed introduction

Intel Core i5-3570K

Intel Core i5-3570

Intel Core i5-3550

Intel Core i5-3470

Intel Core i5-3450

How we tested

Processors:

AMD FX-8150 (Zambezi, 8 cores, 3.6-4.2 GHz, 8 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-2400 (Sandy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.1-3.4 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-2500K (Sandy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.3-3.7 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-3450 (Ivy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.1-3.5 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-3470 (Ivy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.2-3.6 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-3550 (Ivy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.3-3.7 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-3570 (Ivy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.4-3.8 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i5-3570K (Ivy Bridge, 4 cores, 3.4-3.8 GHz, 6 MB L3);
Intel Core i7-2700K (Sandy Bridge, 4 cores + HT, 3.5-3.9 GHz, 8 MB L3);
Intel Core i7-3770K (Ivy Bridge, 4 cores + HT, 3.5-3.9 GHz, 8 MB L3).

CPU cooler: NZXT Havik 140;
Motherboards:

ASUS Crosshair V Formula (Socket AM3+, AMD 990FX + SB950);
ASUS P8Z77-V Deluxe (LGA1155, Intel Z77 Express).

Memory: 2 x 4 GB, DDR3-1866 SDRAM, 9-11-9-27 (Kingston KHX1866C9D3K2/8GX).
Graphic cards:

AMD Radeon HD 6570 (1 GB/128-bit GDDR5, 650/4000 MHz);
NVIDIA GeForce GTX 680 (2 GB/256-bit GDDR5, 1006/6008 MHz).

Hard drive: Intel SSD 520 240 GB (SSDSC2CW240A3K5).
Power supply: Corsair AX1200i (80 Plus Platinum, 1200 W).
Operating system: Microsoft Windows 7 SP1 Ultimate x64.
Drivers:

AMD Catalyst 12.8 Driver;
AMD Chipset Driver 12.8;
Intel Chipset Driver 9.3.0.1019;
Intel Graphics Media Accelerator Driver 15.26.12.2761;
Intel Management Engine Driver 8.1.0.1248;
Intel Rapid Storage Technology 11.2.0.1006;
NVIDIA GeForce 301.42 Driver.

Computational performance

Energy consumption

GPU performance

Ruler mobile processors Intel Haswell

Labeling, positioning, use cases

This summer, Intel released to the market a new, fourth generation of Intel Core architecture, codenamed Haswell (processor markings begin with the number “4” and look like 4xxx). Intel now sees increasing energy efficiency as the main direction of development for Intel processors. Therefore, the latest generations of Intel Core do not show such a strong increase in performance, but their overall energy consumption is constantly decreasing - due to both the architecture, the technical process, and the effective management of component consumption. The only exception is integrated graphics, whose performance increases noticeably from generation to generation, albeit at the expense of worsening energy consumption.

This strategy predictably brings to the fore those devices in which energy efficiency is important - laptops and ultrabooks, as well as the nascent (because in its previous form it could only be attributed to the undead) class of Windows tablets, the main role in the development of which should be played by new processors with reduced energy consumption.

We remind you that we recently released short reviews Haswell architectures, which are quite applicable to both desktop and mobile solutions:

Additionally, the performance of quad-core Core i7 processors was examined in an article comparing desktop and mobile processors. The performance of the Core i7-4500U was also examined separately. Finally, you can check out Haswell laptop reviews that include performance testing: the MSI GX70 is at its best powerful processor Core i7-4930MX, HP Envy 17-j005er.

In this article we will talk about mobile Haswell line generally. IN first part We will look at the division of Haswell mobile processors into series and lines, the principles of creating indexes for mobile processors, their positioning and the approximate level of performance of different series within the entire line. In second part— Let’s take a closer look at the specifications of each series and line and their main features, and also move on to conclusions.

For those who are not familiar with the Intel Turbo Boost algorithm, at the end of the article we have placed short description this technology. We recommend using it before reading the rest of the material.

New letter indices

Traditionally, all Intel Core processors are divided into three lines:

• Intel Core i3
• Intel Core i5
• Intel Core i7

Intel's official position (which company representatives usually voice when answering the question why there are both dual-core and quad-core models among the Core i7) is that the processor is classified into one or another line based on its overall performance level. However, in most cases there are architectural differences between processors of different lines.

But already in Sandy Bridge, and in Ivy Bridge, another division of processors became full-fledged - into mobile and ultra-mobile solutions, depending on the level of energy efficiency. Moreover, today this classification is the basic one: both the mobile and ultramobile lines have their own Core i3/i5/i7 with very different levels of performance. At Haswell, on the one hand, the division deepened, and on the other, they tried to make the line more slender, less misleading by duplicating indices. In addition, another class has finally taken shape - ultra-ultramobile processors with the index Y. Ultramobile and mobile solutions are still marked with the letters U and M.

So, in order not to get confused, let’s first look at what letter indices are used in the modern line of fourth-generation Intel Core mobile processors:

• M - mobile processor (TDP 37-57 W);
• U - ultramobile processor (TDP 15-28 W);
• Y - processor with extremely low consumption (TDP 11.5 W);
• Q - quad-core processor;
• X - extreme processor (top solution);
• H - processor for BGA1364 packaging.

Since we mentioned TDP (thermal package), let’s look at it in a little more detail. It should be taken into account that the TDP in modern Intel processors is not “maximum”, but “nominal”, that is, it is calculated based on the load in real tasks when operating at the standard frequency, and when Turbo Boost is turned on and the frequency increases, the heat dissipation goes beyond the declared nominal heat package - There is a separate TDP for this. The TDP when operating at the minimum frequency is also determined. Thus, there are as many as three TDPs. In this article, the tables use the nominal TDP value.

• The standard nominal TDP for mobile quad-core Core i7 processors is 47 W, for dual-core processors it is 37 W;
• The letter X in the name raises the thermal package from 47 to 57 W (there is currently only one such processor on the market - 4930MX);
• Standard TDP for U-series ultramobile processors is 15 W;
• Standard TDP for Y-series processors is 11.5 W;

Digital indexes

The indices of fourth-generation Intel Core processors with Haswell architecture begin with the number 4, which precisely indicates that they belong to this generation (for Ivy Bridge the indices began with 3, for Sandy Bridge with 2). The second digit indicates the processor line: 0 and 1 - i3, 2 and 3 - i5, 5-9 - i7.

Now let's look at the last numbers in the processor names.

The number 8 at the end means that this processor model has an increased TDP (from 15 to 28 W) and a significantly higher nominal frequency. One more distinctive feature These processors feature Iris 5100 graphics. They are aimed at professional mobile systems that require stable high performance in any conditions for constant work with resource-intensive tasks. They also have overclocking using Turbo Boost, but due to the greatly increased nominal frequency, the difference between the nominal and maximum is not too great.

The number 2 at the end of the name indicates that the TDP of the processor from the i7 line has been reduced from 47 to 37 W. But you have to pay for lower TDP with lower frequencies - minus 200 MHz to the base and boost frequencies.

If the second from the end digit in the name is 5, then the processor has a GT3 graphics core - HD 5xxx. Thus, if the last two digits in the name of the processor are 50, then the graphics core GT3 HD 5000 is installed in it, if 58 is installed, then Iris 5100, and if 50H, then Iris Pro 5200, because only processors equipped with Iris Pro 5200 BGA1364.

For example, let's look at a processor with the 4950HQ index. The processor name contains H - which means BGA1364 packaging; contains 5 - which means the graphics core is GT3 HD 5xxx; a combination of 50 and H gives Iris Pro 5200; Q - quad core. And since quad-core processors are only available in the Core i7 line, this is a mobile Core series i7. This is confirmed by the second digit of the name - 9. We get: 4950HQ is a mobile quad-core eight-thread processor of the Core i7 line with a TDP of 47 W with GT3e Iris Pro 5200 graphics in BGA design.

Now that we have sorted out the names, we can talk about dividing processors into lines and series, or, more simply, about market segments.

4th generation Intel Core series and lines

So, all modern Intel mobile processors are divided into three large groups depending on power consumption: mobile (M), ultramobile (U) and “ultramobile” (Y), as well as three lines (Core i3, i5, i7) depending on productivity. As a result, we can create a matrix that will allow the user to select the processor that best suits his tasks. Let's try to summarize all the data into a single table.

For example: a buyer needs a laptop with high processor performance and a moderate cost. Since it’s a laptop, and a powerful one at that, an M-series processor is needed, and the requirement for moderate cost forces us to choose the Core i5 line. We emphasize once again that first of all you should pay attention not to the line (Core i3, i5, i7), but to the series, because each series may have its own Core i5, but the performance level of Core i5 from two different series will be significantly differ. For example, the Y-series is very economical, but has low frequencies work, and the Core i5 Y-series processor will be less powerful than the Core i3 U-series processor. And the Core i5 mobile processor may well be more productive than the ultramobile Core i7.

Approximate performance level depending on the line

Let's try to go a step further and create a theoretical rating that would clearly demonstrate the difference between processors of different lines. For 100 points, we will take the weakest processor presented - a dual-core, four-threaded i3-4010Y with a clock frequency of 1300 MHz and a 3 MB L3 cache. For comparison, we take the highest-frequency processor (at the time of writing) from each line. We decided to calculate the main rating by overclocking frequency (for those processors that have Turbo Boost), in brackets - the rating for the nominal frequency. Thus, a dual-core, four-thread processor with a maximum frequency of 2600 MHz will receive 200 conditional points. Increasing the third level cache from 3 to 4 MB will bring it a 2-5% (data obtained based on real tests and research) increase in conditional points, and increasing the number of cores from 2 to 4 will accordingly double the number of points, which is also achievable in reality with good multi-threaded optimization.

Once again, we strongly emphasize that the rating is theoretical and is based largely on the technical parameters of the processors. In reality, a large number of factors come together, so the performance gain relative to the weakest model in the line will almost certainly not be as large as in theory. Thus, you should not directly transfer the resulting relationship to real life - final conclusions can only be drawn based on the results of testing in real applications. However, this assessment allows us to roughly estimate the processor’s place in the lineup and its positioning.

So, some preliminary notes:

• Core i7 U-series processors will be about 10% faster than Core i5 thanks to slightly higher clock speeds and more L3 cache.
• The difference between Core i5 and Core i3 U-series processors with a TDP of 28 W excluding Turbo Boost is about 30%, i.e., ideally, performance will also differ by 30%. If we take into account the capabilities of Turbo Boost, the difference in frequencies will be about 55%. If we compare Core i5 and Core i3 U-series processors with a TDP of 15 W, then with stable operation at maximum frequency, Core i5 will have a frequency 60% higher. However, its nominal frequency is slightly lower, i.e. when operating at the nominal frequency, it may even be slightly inferior to the Core i3.
• In the M-series, the presence of 4 cores and 8 threads in the Core i7 plays a big role, but we must remember that this advantage only manifests itself in optimized software (usually professional). Core i7 processors with two cores will have slightly higher performance due to higher overclocking frequencies and a slightly larger L3 cache.
• In the Y series, the Core i5 processor has a base frequency of 7.7% and a boost frequency of 50% higher than the Core i3. But even in this case, there are additional considerations - the same energy efficiency, noise level of the cooling system, etc.
• If we compare processors of the U and Y series with each other, then only the frequency gap between the U- and Y-processors Core i3 is 54%, and for Core i5 processors it is 63% at the maximum overclocking frequency.

So, let's calculate the score for each line. Let us remind you that the main score is calculated based on maximum overclocking frequencies, the score in brackets is calculated based on nominal frequencies (i.e., without overclocking using Turbo Boost). We also calculated the performance factor per watt.

¹ max. — at maximum acceleration, nom. - at rated frequency
² coefficient - conditional performance divided by TDP and multiplied by 100
³ overclocking TDP data for these processors is unknown

From the table above, the following observations can be made:

• Dual-core Core i7 U and M series processors are only slightly faster than Core i5 processors of similar series. This applies to comparisons for both base and boost frequencies.
• Core i5 processors of the U and M series, even at base frequency, should be noticeably faster than Core i3 of similar series, and in Boost mode they will go far ahead.
• In the Y series, the difference between the processors at minimum frequencies is small, but with Turbo Boost overclocking, the Core i5 and Core i7 should go far ahead. Another thing is that the magnitude and, most importantly, stability of overclocking is very dependent on the cooling efficiency. And with this, given the orientation of these processors towards tablets (especially fanless ones), there may be problems.
• The Core i7 U series is almost equal in performance to the Core i5 M series. There are other factors (it is more difficult for him to achieve stability due to less efficient cooling, and it costs more), but overall this is a good result.

As for the relationship between power consumption and performance rating, we can draw the following conclusions:

• Despite the increase in TDP when the processor switches to Boost mode, energy efficiency increases. This is because the relative increase in frequency is greater than the relative increase in TDP;
• Processors of different series (M, U, Y) are ranked not only by decreasing TDP, but also by increasing energy efficiency - for example, Y-series processors show greater energy efficiency than U-series processors;
• It is worth noting that with an increase in the number of cores, and therefore threads, energy efficiency also increases. This can be explained by the fact that only the processor cores themselves are doubled, but not the accompanying DMI, PCI Express and ICP controllers.

An interesting conclusion can be drawn from the latter: if the application is well parallelized, then a quad-core processor will be more energy efficient than a dual-core processor: it will finish calculations faster and return to idle mode. As a result, multi-core may be the next step in the fight to improve energy efficiency. In principle, this trend can be noted in the ARM camp.

So, although the rating is purely theoretical, and it is not a fact that it accurately reflects the real balance of power, it even allows us to draw certain conclusions regarding the distribution of processors in the line, their energy efficiency and the relationship between these parameters.

Haswell vs Ivy Bridge

Although Haswell processors have been on the market for quite some time, the presence of Ivy Bridge processors in ready-made solutions even now remains quite high. From the consumer’s point of view, there were no special revolutions during the transition to Haswell (although the increase in energy efficiency for some segments looks impressive), which raises questions: is it necessary to choose the fourth generation or can you get by with the third?

It is difficult to directly compare fourth-generation Core processors with the third, because the manufacturer has changed the TDP limits:

• M series Core third generation has a TDP of 35 W, and the fourth generation has a TDP of 37 W;
• the U series of the third-generation Core has a TDP of 17 W, and the fourth - 15 W;
• The Y series of the third generation Core has a TDP of 13 W, and the fourth one has a TDP of 11.5 W.

And if for ultramobile lines TDP has decreased, then for the more productive M series it has even increased. However, let's try to make a rough comparison:

• The top-end quad-core Core i7 processor of the third generation had frequencies of 3 (3.9) GHz, the fourth generation had the same 3 (3.9) GHz, that is, the difference in performance can only be due to architectural improvements - no more than 10%. Although, it is worth noting that with heavy use of FMA3, the fourth generation will be 30-70% ahead of the third.
• Top dual core processors Core i7 of the third generation M-series and U-series had frequencies of 2.9 (3.6) GHz and 2 (3.2) GHz, respectively, and the fourth - 2.9 (3.6) GHz and 2.1 (3 ,3) GHz. As we can see, if the frequencies have increased, then only slightly, so the level of performance can increase only minimally, due to optimization of the architecture. Again, if the software knows about FMA3 and knows how to actively use this extension, then the fourth generation will receive a solid advantage.
• The top dual-core Core i5 processors of the third generation M-series and U-series had frequencies of 2.8 (3.5) GHz and 1.8 (2.8) GHz, respectively, and the fourth - 2.8 (3.5) GHz and 1.9(2.9) GHz. The situation is similar to the previous one.
• The top-end dual-core Core i3 processors of the third generation M-series and U-series had frequencies of 2.5 GHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively, and the fourth - 2.6 GHz and 2 GHz. The situation is repeating itself again.
• The top dual-core processors Core i3, i5 and i7 of the third generation Y-series had frequencies of 1.4 GHz, 1.5 (2.3) GHz and 1.5 (2.6) GHz, respectively, and the fourth - 1.3 GHz, 1.4(1.9) GHz and 1.7(2.9) GHz.

In general, clock speeds in the new generation have practically not increased, so a slight gain in performance is achieved only by optimizing the architecture. The fourth generation of Core will gain a noticeable advantage when using software optimized for FMA3. Well, don’t forget about the faster graphics core - optimization there can bring a significant increase.

As for the relative difference in performance within the lines, the third and fourth generations of Intel Core are close in terms of this indicator.

Thus, we can conclude that in the new generation Intel decided to reduce TDP instead of increasing operating frequencies. As a result, the increase in operating speed is lower than it could have been, but it was possible to achieve increased energy efficiency.

Suitable tasks for different fourth generation Intel Core processors

Now that we have figured out performance, we can roughly estimate what tasks this or that fourth-generation Core line is best suited for. Let's summarize the data in a table.

This table also clearly shows that first of all you should pay attention to the processor series (M, U, Y), and only then to the line (Core i3, i5, i7), since the line determines the ratio of processor performance only within the series, and Performance varies noticeably between series. This is clearly seen in the comparison of the i3 U-series and i5 Y-series: the first in this case will be more productive than the second.

So, what conclusions can be drawn from this table? Core i3 processors of any series, as we have already noted, are interesting primarily for their price. Therefore, it’s worth paying attention to them if you are short on funds and are willing to accept a loss in both performance and energy efficiency.

The mobile Core i7 stands apart due to its architectural differences: four cores, eight threads and noticeably more L3 cache. As a result, it is able to work with professional resource-intensive applications and show an extremely high level of performance for a mobile system. But for this, the software must be optimized for the use of a large number of cores - it will not reveal its advantages in single-threaded software. And secondly, these processors require a bulky cooling system, i.e. they are installed only in large laptops with great thickness, and they do not have much autonomy.

Core i5 mobile series provide a good level of performance, sufficient to perform not only home-office, but also some semi-professional tasks. For example, for processing photos and videos. In all respects (power consumption, heat generation, autonomy), these processors occupy an intermediate position between the Core i7 M-series and the ultramobile line. Overall, this is a balanced solution suitable for those who value performance over a thin and light body.

Dual-core mobile Core i7s are about the same as the Core i5 M-series, only slightly more powerful and, as a rule, noticeably more expensive.

Ultramobile Core i7s have approximately the same level of performance as mobile Core i5s, but with caveats: if the cooling system can withstand prolonged operation at high frequencies. And they get quite hot under load, which often leads to strong heating of the entire laptop body. Apparently, they are quite expensive, so their installation is justified only for top models. But they can be installed in thin laptops and ultrabooks, providing a high level of performance in a thin body and good battery life. This makes them an excellent choice for frequently traveling professional users who value energy efficiency and light weight, but often require high performance.

Ultramobile Core i5s show lower performance compared to the “big brother” of the series, but cope with any office workload, have good energy efficiency and are much more affordable in price. In general, this is a universal solution for users who do not work in resource-intensive applications, but are limited to office programs and the Internet, and at the same time would like to have a laptop/ultrabook suitable for travel, i.e. lightweight, lightweight and long-lasting batteries

Finally, the Y-series also stands apart. In terms of performance, its Core i7, with luck, will reach the ultra-mobile Core i5, but, by and large, no one expects this from it. For the Y series, the main thing is high energy efficiency and low heat generation, which also allows the creation of fanless systems. As for performance, the minimum acceptable level that does not cause irritation is sufficient.

In case some of our readers have forgotten how Turbo Boost overclocking technology works, we offer you a brief description of its operation.

Roughly speaking, the Turbo Boost system can dynamically increase the processor frequency above the set one due to the fact that it constantly monitors whether the processor goes beyond its normal operating modes.

The processor can only operate in a certain temperature range, i.e., its performance depends on heat, and heat depends on the ability of the cooling system to effectively remove heat from it. But since it is not known in advance which cooling system the processor will work with in the user’s system, two parameters are indicated for each processor model: operating frequency and the amount of heat that must be removed from the processor at maximum load at this frequency. Since these parameters depend on the efficiency and proper operation of the cooling system, as well as external conditions (primarily ambient temperature), the manufacturer had to lower the frequency of the processor so that it would not lose stability even under the most unfavorable operating conditions. Turbo Boost technology monitors the internal parameters of the processor and allows it, if external conditions are favorable, to operate at a higher frequency.

Intel originally explained that Turbo Boost technology uses the "temperature inertia effect." Most of the time, in modern systems, the processor is idle, but from time to time, for a short period, it is required to perform at its maximum. If at this moment you greatly increase the frequency of the processor, it will cope with the task faster and return to the idle state sooner. At the same time, the processor temperature does not increase immediately, but gradually, therefore, during short-term operation at a very high frequency, the processor will not have time to heat up enough to go beyond safe limits.

In reality, it quickly became clear that with a good cooling system, the processor is capable of operating under load even at an increased frequency indefinitely. Thus, for a long time, the maximum overclocking frequency was absolutely operational, and the processor returned to the nominal only in extreme cases or if the manufacturer made a poor-quality cooling system for a particular laptop.

In order to prevent overheating and failure of the processor, the Turbo Boost system in its modern implementation constantly monitors the following parameters of its operation:

• chip temperature;
• current consumption;
• power consumption;
• number of loaded components.

Modern Ivy Bridge systems are capable of operating at increased frequencies in almost all modes, except for simultaneous heavy load on the central processor and graphics. As for Intel Haswell, we do not yet have sufficient statistics on the behavior of this platform under overclocking.

Note author: It is worth noting that the temperature of the chip indirectly affects power consumption - this influence becomes obvious upon closer examination physical device the crystal itself, since the electrical resistance of semiconductor materials increases with increasing temperature, and this in turn leads to an increase in electricity consumption. Thus, a processor at a temperature of 90 degrees will consume more electricity than at a temperature of 40 degrees. And since the processor “heats up” both the PCB of the motherboard with the tracks, and the surrounding components, their loss of electricity to overcome higher resistance also affects energy consumption. This conclusion is easily confirmed by overclocking both “in the air” and extreme. All overclockers know that a more productive cooler allows you to get additional megahertz, and the effect of superconductivity of conductors at temperatures close to absolute zero, when electrical resistance tends to zero, is familiar to everyone from school physics. That is why when overclocked with liquid nitrogen cooling it is possible to achieve such high frequencies. Returning to the dependence of electrical resistance on temperature, we can also say that to some extent the processor also heats itself up: as the temperature rises and the cooling system cannot cope, the electrical resistance also increases, which in turn increases power consumption. And this leads to an increase in heat generation, which leads to an increase in temperature... In addition, do not forget that high temperatures shorten the life of the processor. Although manufacturers claim fairly high maximum temperatures for chips, it is still worth keeping the temperature as low as possible.

By the way, it is quite likely that “spinning” the fan at higher speeds, when it increases the system’s power consumption, is more profitable in terms of power consumption than having a processor with a high temperature, which will entail losses of electricity due to increased resistance.

As you can see, temperature may not be a direct limiting factor for Turbo Boost, that is, the processor will have a completely acceptable temperature and will not throttle, but it indirectly affects another limiting factor - power consumption. Therefore, you should not forget about temperature.

To summarize, Turbo Boost technology allows, under favorable external operating conditions, to increase the processor frequency above the guaranteed nominal and thereby provide a much higher level of performance. This property is especially valuable in mobile systems, where it allows for a good balance between performance and heat.

In contact with

Classmates

Previously, when choosing a processor for their computer, users mainly paid attention to the brand and the clock speed. Today the situation has changed a little. No, today you will need to make a choice between two manufacturers - Intel and AMD, but this will not end there. Times have changed and both companies produce good quality products that can satisfy the needs of almost any demanding users.

However, each manufacturer's product has its own strengths and weak sides, manifested in the speed of various software applications, as well as in the variation in price and performance.

Plus, today a processor with a much lower clock frequency can easily outperform its faster brother, and a multi-core processor may turn out to be slower than a processor created on the basis of an older architecture, under a certain system load.

We will tell you how modern processors differ from each other, and the choice is yours.

Characteristics of modern processors

1. CPU clock speed

This indicator is used to determine the number of clock cycles (operations) that a processor can perform per second of time. Previously, this indicator was decisive when choosing a computer and subjectively assessing processor performance.

Now, the times have come when this indicator for the vast majority of modern processors is sufficient to perform standard tasks, so when working with many applications there will not be a significant increase in performance due to a higher clock frequency. Now performance is determined by other parameters.

2. Number of Cores

Most modern computer processors has two or more cores, with the exception of only the most budget models. Everything seems logical here - more cores, higher performance, but in reality it turns out that everything is not so simple. In some applications, the performance improvement may actually be due to the number of cores, but in other applications, a multi-core processor may be inferior to its predecessor with fewer cores.

3 Processor cache size

In order to increase the speed of data exchange with the computer's RAM, additional memory blocks with high speed(the so-called caches of the first, second, third levels, or LI, L2, L3 cache). Again, everything seems logical - the larger the cache memory in the processor, the higher its performance.

But then they come up again different models processors, which, as a rule, differ from each other in several technical parameters, so it is practically impossible to identify a direct dependence of performance on the size of the chip’s cache memory.

Moreover, much also depends on the specifics of the software application code. Some applications with a large cache give a noticeable increase, others, on the contrary, begin to work worse due to program code.

4 Core

The core is the basis of any processor, from which other characteristics are based. You can find two processors with seemingly similar technical characteristics (number of cores, clock speed), but with different architectures, and they will show completely different results in performance tests and software applications.

Traditionally, processors based on new cores are much better at working with various programs and therefore demonstrate better performance compared to models created on the basis of outdated technologies (even if the clock speeds are the same).

5 Technical process

This is the scale of modern technologies, which actually determine the size of the semiconductor elements that serve in the internal circuits of the processor. The smaller these elements, the more advanced the technology used. This does not mean at all that a modern processor, created on the basis of a modern technical process, will be faster than a representative of the old series. It just can, for example, heat up less, and therefore work more efficiently.

6 Front Side Bus (FSB)

The system bus frequency is the speed at which the processor core communicates with the RAM, discrete video card, and peripheral controllers on the computer motherboard. Everything is simple here. The higher the throughput, the correspondingly higher the computer’s performance (other things being equal, the technical characteristics of the computers in question).

Decoding the names of Intel processors

Core i7– currently the company’s top line

Core i5– characterized by high performance

Core i3– low price, high/medium performance

All Core i series processors are based on the Sandy Bridge core and belong to the second generation of Intel Core processors. The names of most models begin with the number 2, and more modern modifications, created based on the latest Ivy Bridge core, are marked with the number 3.

Now it is very easy to determine what generation a particular processor is and what core it is based on. For example, the Core i5-3450 belongs to the third generation based on the Ivy Bridge core, and the Core i5-2310 is, accordingly, the second generation based on the Sandy Bridge core.

When you know the type of processor core, you can already roughly judge not only its capabilities, but also the potential heat dissipation during boot. Representatives of the third generation heat up much less than their predecessors thanks to a more modern technological process.

In addition to numbers, suffixes are sometimes used in processor names:

TO- for processors with unlocked multipliers (this allows experienced computer savvy users to overclock the processor on their own)

S- for products with increased energy efficiency, T - for the most economical processors.

Intel Core 2 Quad

Intel Pentium and Celeron

When labeling budget Pentium processors and Celeron use the designations G860, G620 and some others. The higher the number after the letter, the more productive the processor is. If the marking numbers differ slightly, then most likely we are talking about different modifications of chips in the same production line, usually they are small and consist of only a few hundred megahertz of the core clock frequency. Sometimes the cache memory size and even the number of cores differ, and this has a much stronger impact on the differences in power and performance.

Therefore, it will be better if you do not rely on the chip markings, but check everything specifications on the official website of the seller or manufacturer, because it will take little time, but will help save nerves and money.

An indicative example is that the Celeron G440 and Celeron G530 processors, which differ in price by only 200 rubles, actually have a different number of cores (Celeron G440 - one, Celeron G530 - two), different core clock frequencies (the G530 has 800 MHz more ), the G530 also has twice the cache. However, the heat dissipation of the latest processor is almost twice as high, although both processors are based on the same Sandy Bridge core.

Intel Processor Technologies

Processors from Intel are considered the most powerful today, thanks to the Core i7 Extreme Edition family. Depending on the model, they can have up to 6 cores simultaneously, clock speeds of up to 3300 MHz and up to 15 MB of L3 cache. The most popular cores in the desktop processor segment are based on Intel - Ivy Bridge and Sandy Bridge.

Just like its competitor, Intel's processors use proprietary technologies of their own to improve system efficiency.

1. Hyper Threading - Due to this technology, each physical core of the processor is capable of processing two threads of calculations simultaneously, it turns out that the number of logical cores actually doubles.

2. Turbo Boost- Allows the user to automatically overclock the processor without exceeding the maximum permissible core operating temperature limit.

3. Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI)- The QPI ring bus connects all processor components, thereby minimizing all possible delays in the exchange of information.

4. Visualization Technology- Hardware support for virtualization solutions.

5.Intel Execute Disable Bit- In practice, it provides hardware protection against possible virus attacks based on buffer overflow technology.

6. Intel SpeedStep-A tool that allows you to change the voltage and frequency levels depending on the load on the processor.

Decoding the names of AMD processors

AMD FX

Top line of computer multi-core processors with specially lifted restriction by a multiplier (for the sake of self-overclocking) to ensure high performance when working with demanding applications. Based on the first digit of the name, we can tell how many cores are installed in the processor: FX-4100 has four cores, FX-6100 has six cores, and FX-8150 has eight cores. There are several modifications in the line of these processors, with slightly different clock frequencies (for the FX-8150 processor it is 500 MHz higher than for the FX-8120 processor).

AMD A

A line with a graphics core built into the processor. The digital designation in the name indicates belonging to a specific performance class: AC - performance sufficient for the vast majority of standard daily tasks, A6 - performance sufficient for creating a video conference in high definition HD, A8 - performance sufficient for confident viewing of Blu-ray movies with a 3D effect or launching modern 3D games in multi-display mode (with the ability simultaneous connection four monitors).

AMD Phenom II and Athlon II

The earliest processors from the AMD Phenom II line were officially released back in 2010, but thanks to the low price and quite great productivity They still enjoy some popularity today.

The number of cores in the processor is indicated by the number in the name immediately after the X symbol. For example, the marking of the AMD Phenom II X4 Deneb processor tells us that it belongs to the family Phenom processors II, has four cores and is based on the Deneb core. Completely similar marking rules can be seen in the Athlon series.

AMD Sempron

Under this name, the manufacturer produces budget processors designed for desktop office computers.

AMD Processor Technologies

Most modern processors created by AMD support the following technologies by default:

1.AMD Turbo CORE- This technology is designed to automatically regulate the performance of all processor cores through controlled overclocking (a similar technology from Intel is called TurboBoost).

2. AVX (Advanced Vector Extensions), XOP and FMA4- A tool that has an extended set of commands specifically designed to work with floating point numbers. Definitely a toolkit.

3. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)- In software applications that use data encryption, improves performance.

4. AMD Visualization (AMD-V)- This virtualization technology helps ensure the sharing of the resources of one computer between several virtual machines.

5. AMD PowcrNow!- Power management technology. They help the user achieve improved performance by dynamically activating and deactivating parts of the processor.

6. NX Bit- Unique anti-virus technology that helps prevent infection personal computer certain types of malware.

Processor performance comparison

Looking through price lists with prices and characteristics of modern processors, you can get really confused. Surprisingly, a processor with more cores on board and a higher clock speed can cost less than processors with fewer cores and lower clock speeds. The thing is that the real performance of a processor depends not only on the main characteristics, but also on the efficiency of the core itself, support for modern technologies and, of course, on the capabilities of the platform itself for which the processor was created (you can recall the logic motherboard, about the capabilities of the video system, about throughput tires and much more).

That is why you cannot judge the performance of a processor based on characteristics written on paper alone; you need to have data on the results of independent performance tests (preferably with those applications that you plan to constantly work with). Depending on the type of load created, similar processors can produce completely different results when working with the same programs. How can an unprepared person figure out which type of processor is right for him? Let's try to figure this out by running comparative testing processors with the same retail price in different software applications.

1. Working with office software. When using familiar office applications and browsers, performance gains can be achieved due to a higher processor clock speed. A large amount of cache memory or a large number of cores will not give the expected increase in application speed of this type. For example, the AMD Sempron 145 processor based on the 45 nm Sargas core, which is cheaper compared to the Intel Celeron G440, shows in tests with office applications better performance, but the Intel product is created on a more modern 32-nm Sandy Bridge core. Clock speed is the key to success when working with office applications.

2. Computer games. Modern 3D games with settings set to maximum are among the most demanding of computer components. Processors show performance gains in modern computer games as the number of cores increases and the amount of cache memory increases (of course, if the RAM and video system meet all modern requirements). Take the AMD FX-8150 processor with 8 cores and 8 megabytes of third-level cache. When tested, it produces better results in computer games than the almost identically priced Phenom II X6 Black Thuban 1100T with 6 cores, but with 6 megabytes of third-level cache. As already noted above, when testing office programs, the performance picture is exactly the opposite.

If you start testing the performance in modern games of two processors of the FX-8150 and Core i5-2550K brands that are close in price, it turns out that the latter demonstrates better results, despite the fact that it has fewer cores, and it has a lower clock frequency and even volume It has a smaller memory cache. Most likely, in terms of efficiency, the main role here was played by the more successful architecture of the kernel itself.

3. Raster graphics. Popular graphics applications such as Adobe Photoshop, ACDSee and Image-Magick were originally created by developers with excellent multi-threaded optimization, which means that if you constantly work with these programs, additional cores will not be superfluous. There are also a large number of software packages that do not use multi-cores at all (Painishop or GIMP). It turns out that it is impossible to say unequivocally which technical parameter of modern processors has the most influence on increasing the speed of raster editors.. Various programs, working with raster, are demanding on a variety of parameters, such as clock speed, number of cores (especially the actual performance of a single core), and even the amount of cache memory. However, the inexpensive Core 13-2100 in tests shows much better performance in these types of applications than, for example, the same FX-6100, and this is even despite the fact that the basic characteristics of Intel are slightly inferior.

4. Vector graphics. Nowadays, processors behave very strangely when working with such popular software packages as CorelDraw and Illustrator. The total number of processor cores has virtually no effect on application performance, which indicates that this type of software does not have multi-threaded optimization. In theory, a dual-core processor will even be enough for normal work with vector editors, since the clock frequency comes to the fore here.

An example is the AMD Ab-3650, which, with four cores, but with a low clock frequency, cannot compete in vector editors with the budget dual-core Pentium G860, which has a slightly higher clock frequency (while the cost of the processors is almost the same).

5. Audio encoding. When working with audio data, you can observe completely opposite results. When encoding audio files, performance increases as the number of processor cores increases and as the clock speed increases. In general, even 512 megabytes of cache memory is quite enough to perform operations of this kind, since this type of memory is practically not used when processing streaming data. A good example is the eight-core FX-8150 processor, which, when converting audio files to different formats, shows much better results than the more expensive quad-core Core 15-2500K, due to the larger number of cores.

6. Video encoding. Kernel architecture in software packages such as Premier, Expression Encoder or Vegas Pro, plays a big role. Here the emphasis is on fast ALU/FPU - these are hardware core computing units responsible for logical and arithmetic operations when processing data. Cores with different architectures (even if these are different lines from the same manufacturer), depending on the type of load, provide different levels of performance

The Core i3-2120 processor based on Intel's Sandy Bridge core, with a lower clock speed, smaller cache memory and fewer cores, outperforms the AMD FX-4100 processor built on the Zambezi core, which costs almost the same money. This unusual result can be explained by differences in the kernel architecture and better optimization for specific software applications.

7. Archiving. If you often use your computer to archive and unpack large files in programs such as WinRAR or 7-Zip, then pay attention to the cache memory size of your processor. In such cases, cache memory is directly proportional: the larger it is, the greater the computer’s performance when working with archivers. The indicator is the AMD FX-6100 processor with 8 MB of Level 3 cache installed on board. It handles archiving tasks much faster than comparable priced Core i3-2120 processors with 3 MB of Level 3 cache and Core 2 Quad Q8400 with 4 megabytes of second level cache.

8. Extreme multitasking mode. Some users work simultaneously with several resource-intensive software applications with background operations activated in parallel. Just think, you are unpacking a huge RAR archive on your computer, simultaneously listening to music, editing several documents and spreadsheets, while you have Skype running and an Internet browser with several open tabs. With such active use of the computer, the ability of the processor to perform several threads of operations in parallel plays a very important role. It turns out that the number of cores in the processor is of paramount importance in this use.

Handles multitasking multi-core processors AMD Phenom II Hb and FX-8xxx. It is worth noting here that the AMD FX-8150 with eight cores on board, when running several applications simultaneously, has a slightly greater performance reserve than, for example, the more expensive Core i5-2500K processor with only four cores. Of course, if maximum speed is required, then it is better to look towards Core i7 processors, which can easily overtake the FX-8150.

Conclusion

The conclusion suggests itself: if you want to properly invest money in upgrading your computer, then identify the highest priority tasks and imagine everyday use scenarios. Knowing your specific goals and objectives, you can easily choose the optimal model that best suits your needs, work and, most importantly, budget.