Apple's macOS operating system was first introduced back in 2000. Improvement of the system has not stopped over all these years. The article presents an illustrated history of the development of the OS.
СHEETAH
03/2001 - OS X 10.0
The history of macOS began with a bear, not with a predatory cat (cheetah - cheetah). In September 2000, Apple introduced a version Kodiak(English bear). For $30, users could purchase the first beta version Mac OS X.
The official version of OS 10.0, codenamed Cheetah, was released 6 months later. It introduced the interface for the first time Aqua and earlier versions of applications TextEdit, Preview, Mail and QuickTime.
The new OS X required at that time whole 128 MB RAM and 800 MB of disk space.
PUMA
09/2001 - OS X 10.1
Just six months later, a version with the code name was released Puma. Instead of focusing on adding new features and characteristics, the focus was on improving productivity systems.
With the release of Mac OS 10.1.2, Apple also began installing OS X on new computers by default, permanently abandoning OS 9.
JAGUAR
08/2002 - OS X 10.2
System Jaguar included applications such as iChat And Address Book. The new version of the OS also introduced a component Universal Access, which made OS X more accessible to people with visual, hearing, and other disabilities.
In addition, a new splash screen appeared in OS 10.2: the logo was replaced Happy Mac a new picture with the Apple logo arrived.
PANTHER
10/2003 - OS X 10.3
The folks at Microsoft must have had mixed feelings about Apple's new version of the OS, which was codenamed Panther. On the one hand, instead of a browser Internet Explorer for Mac installed by default new browser Safari. On the other hand, version 10.3 showed improved interoperability With Microsoft Windows (including pre-installed support for the Active Directory directory service).
TIGER
04/2005 - OS X 10.4
Version Tiger introduced an invaluable search program Spotlight. It also presented for the first time widgets(like a calculator, calendar or clock) in a new panel Dashboard.
In addition, Mac OS 10.4 introduced new hardware. It was installed on the first Mac computers with Intel processors and on the first devices Apple TV(they had yet to appear in 2007).
LEOPARD
10/2007 - OS X 10.5
This version of Mac OS has been in development for quite some time. The fact is that Apple at that time was actively involved in the creation and release of iOS and iPhone.
In OS Leopard however, an archiving system called Time Machine. The updated system also began to support 64-bit applications.
Moreover, using the program Boot Camp Mac computers could now support other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows.
SNOW LEOPARD
08/2009 - OS X 10.6
As the name suggests, Snow Leopard was built largely on the model previous version. But it featured Mac App Store , which followed the successful implementation of the project on iOS.
Mac OS 10.6 also put an end to the use of the PowerPC architecture. From that time on, they were used only Intel processors.
LION
07/2011 - OS X 10.7
System Lion(from the English lion) was the first version of Mac OS not available on CD or DVD. The new version could only be downloaded. To create it, many ideas were taken from iOS: Gestures, Launchpad, window restoration, etc.
The newest piece of Apple's infrastructure iCloud also debuted in Mac OS 10.7.
MOUNTAIN LION
07/2012 - OS X 10.8
Mountain Lion included even more successful concepts from iOS: a new application Messages instead of iChat, app Reminders And Notification Center.
Even before the presentation of OS 10.8, Apple made a loud announcement: the company promised annual issue new versions of Mac OS.
MAVERICKS
10/2013 - OS X 10.9
WITH new version Apple introduced new naming scheme OS (before this version were named after representatives of the cat family, now the names of famous places in California began to be used). Also update done before OS 10.9 free and promised that subsequent updates will also be free.
New applications were introduced in Mavericks Maps And iBooks.
YOSEMITE
10/2014 - OS X 10.10
The biggest thing happened in Mac OS 10.10 change of design in a few years. Changes followed iOS updates with a flatter design and blur effect.
There is a function Handoff, thanks to which users could effortlessly switch from one device to another, even while performing separate tasks. Emphasis was also placed on the regime Full Screen Mode, which was activated by touching the green button in the title bar.
EL CAPITAN
09/2015 - OS X 10.11
Version El Capitan named after a mountain peak in Yosemite National Park. She was focused on improving performance and stability systems.
In addition to minor updates to Safari, Spotlight, Mail and Notes and presentation mode SplitViews, the biggest update is the ability to conveniently arrange application windows next to each other.
SIERRA
09/2016 - macOS 10.12
Goodbye, OS X, Hello, macOS. Once again properties iOS are increasingly being included in Apple's OS on PCs. And this applies not only to the name: assistant Siri, originally introduced on iPhone, is now available on macOS.
IN Sierra the Safari browser also introduced a system Apple Pay and with the help Apple Watch It is now possible to unlock your Mac. But perhaps the most important update was the addition Stickers V iMessage.
Users modern computers With the Windows operating system, people often face the problem and even the fear of going online without anti-virus protection installed. Many people have questions related to installing or uninstalling programs.
For Macintosh systems, such operations are performed with one click. Also, this system is not susceptible to malicious programs common under Microsoft Windows and does not need an antivirus, so you don’t have to worry about the safety of surfing the world wide web. Despite these and many other advantages, including a more user-friendly interface, the Macintosh OS also has disadvantages. In this article we will try to understand all the pros and cons of MAC OS.
How to decipher the full name of Mac OS X?
Each part of the name is an abbreviation of words in English language and number:
- “Mac” refers to the Macintosh company name.
- “OS” – operating system, that is, operating system.
- “X” is the Roman numeral ten, indicating the OS version number.
As a result, it turns out that the full name “Mac OS X” is the tenth version of the operating system for Apple Macintosh computers. There is an opinion that the name of the company's brand comes from the favorite apple variety of Apple's leading engineer at the time, Jeff Raskin. You can also sometimes hear guesses that the “X” symbol hints that this OS is based on Unix. In addition to the regular Mac OS X, this family also includes a server version and specially designed operating systems for Apple devices TV (Apple TV OS), iPhone, iPad and iPod (Apple iOS).
History of Mac OS
The Mac OS operating system appeared along with the creation of Macintosh computers, which the Pple corporation released back in 1984. But to be precise, then this OS was called Macintosh System Software. It is interesting that the IBM PC, which is now leading, then lagged behind in almost all parameters of ease of use.
For example, Mac OS already had a graphical interface and used a mouse in addition to the standard keyboard. Apple computers were characterized by displaying text on the screen in exactly the same form as when printed on paper. Also, Mac OS users no longer needed to enter commands from the keyboard; now this could be done simply by clicking on a graphical interface element with the mouse. Well, the most important achievement of the Macintosh operating system was multitasking. The implementation of such capabilities on IBM computers appeared only in Windows 3.0, which was released only 6 years later in 1990.
Advantages of Mac OS X compared to Windows
1. Easy to use. If you learn to work with one program on a Mac, then mastering any other will take much less time than for programs on the Windows system. The reason for this is the strong similarity of all programs under Mac OS. They are also inherently easy to operate; there is no need to install each software separately and understand it. For example, all Macintosh computers come with iLife, which makes it easy to manage all music, video and photo files, process them and burn them to disk.
2. Stability of operation. Software failures occur much less frequently since all software is developed specifically for Apple computers by one very large team of professional developers.
3. No problem finding drivers for new devices. When installing a Mac operating system from DVD disc is happening automatic installation drivers. Their number is much larger than on Windows XP and approximately equal to the volume of Windows 7. If the device was connected during operation, you can always use a DVD, which is almost guaranteed to have the necessary driver.
4. Much less spyware and hacking programs. Even despite the small amount malware and the absence of their entire classes (for example, viruses that infect email or websites are still unknown), they will not be able to damage the system without manual launch by the user through a double click of the mouse.
5. Ease of use of the administrator role. To make changes to system settings, you simply need to enter your password. For Windows, this process requires several steps.
6. Very easy installation the entire system and regular programs. To install Mac OS X, you only need to click a few times. Full compatibility with Apple hardware allows you to have no doubt about the successful completion and functionality of the installed operating system.
Most programs can be simply copied from other Macintosh computers while maintaining stability and reliability. Complex and time-consuming installation and uninstallation processes are rare. Double-click on the image file, specify the folder - that’s the entire installation. The need for an installation distribution like Windows is very rare. To uninstall, you just need to drag the program icon to the Trash.
Disadvantages of Mac OS X compared to Windows
1. Narrow range of computers. The Macintosh operating system is intended only for Apple computers. True, the latter produces iMac - all the components are located in the monitor (analogous to all-in-one PCs).
2. Overpriced. Apple computers can cost up to twice as much as regular PCs. The difference is most noticeable when purchasing powerful models.
3. The problem of program availability. There are fewer programs for Mac OS and they are harder to get, especially legal ones.
4. Almost no games are developed for Mac OS. This operating system is not suitable for gamers, although there are several quite good games.
Mac OS X versions
In general, there are two versions of Mac OS X. The first is for desktops and laptops, the other is for server systems (Mac OS X Server). The first one has six subversions.
- Cheetah (Cheetah) – OS X 10.0. It was released in March 2001, making a breakthrough, but had a number of errors and the absence of some functions.
- Puma (Puma) - 10.1. Free update, came out almost immediately after 10.0.
- Jaguar (Jaguar) - 10.2. It has hardware acceleration of video cards and a graphical interface design similar to Aero in Windows Vista.
- Panther (Panther) - 10.3. Published in October 2003. File-Vault encryption technology has been introduced.
- Tiger (Tiger) - 10.4. April 2005, appeared very convenient feature search Spotlight and Dashboard - the first widgets (mini-programs).
- Leopard - 10.5. October 2007, the following new features appeared: installation of a second OS, for example, Windows; Reserve copy data; file content preview and other much needed improvements.
- Snow Leopard— 10.6. August 2009, the amount of working memory can be expanded up to 16 TB, some applications run in 64-bit mode, which improves performance. Support for Intel processors.
It should be noted that each of the listed versions has its own free additions, for example, number 10.6.3.
Can Mac OS X run on computers other than Apple?
The agreement between Macintosh and Apple prohibits the use of this OS on traditional PCs. But there is a lot of information on the Internet on how you can install Mac OS X on an IBM-compatible computer using an EFI emulator. There is also a special USB module that allows installation even from the original DVD.
Is it possible to run programs written for Windows on Mac OS?
Yes it is possible. To do this, you need to have special programs and installation disk systems from Microsoft. Make programs work under Windows on Mac computer intosh can be done in several ways.
1. You can use the Boot Camp utility built into Mac OS X starting with version 10.5 to install a second operating system. The disadvantage is the inability to work with data saved in Mac OS.
2. Parallels Desktop or VMware Fusion programs allow you to create a virtual Windows environment and run applications in parallel. The exception is programs that require direct access to the computer hardware, for example, games.
3. You can use emulation, that is, force it using special program, such as CrossOver, will launch applications that will think they are running on Windows. The disadvantage of this method is low performance and unstable operation, provided that the program does start.
Are the accessories suitable for a regular PC for Mac?
1. Keyboard and mouse. Such devices will always work provided they have a USB output. True, they will then need to be configured as the actions of some buttons are different.
2. External storage devices. All flash drives and hard disks will be read if they are formatted in the NTFS file system. Registration is only possible in stock free utility MacFuse.
3. Monitors with VGA and DVI connectors connect without problems. Adapters and adapters are only needed for Macintosh laptops and if the monitor has an HDMI input.
4. Drivers are needed to work with printers and MFPs. The manufacturer almost always provides them with the equipment, so there are no problems.
Operating systems of the Mac OS family: features and advantages.
Market leader for several years now operating systems, a Microsoft company, is gradually being squeezed out by other manufacturers. Windows OS, of course, still has a monopoly in this regard and regularly releases new products, but competing companies are also not asleep and are actively developing their systems - for example, Apple with its Mac OS.
Mac OS
Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System) is a family of proprietary (proprietary) GUI operating systems designed specifically for Apple Macintosh computers. It is worth noting that many IT industry experts consider Mac OS to be the first modern operating system to use a graphical user interface, as opposed to the traditional command line. That is, it was now possible to use all available system objects and functions in the form of graphical screen components (windows, icons, menus, buttons, lists, etc.). Moreover, unlike the command line interface, the user had random access (using a keyboard or a pointing input device - a mouse) to all visible screen objects - interface elements. By the way, some programmers at that time compared working in a graphical interface with managing their own world - this technology was so convenient.
Thus, Mac OS set a certain standard to which developers of other operating systems began to strive.
The appearance of the Mac OS operating system dates back to 1984, when Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh computer. The new product had unique capabilities for that time - users controlled their computer not only with commands and instructions entered from the keyboard, but also using a device that was new at that time, called a mouse. The mouse controlled the pointer (cursor), which, in turn, controlled visible graphic objects on the monitor screen - folders, file shortcuts, etc. In addition, the Mac OS operating system was the first to use the now familiar window interface, which was intended for presenting and organizing information.
The Mac OS system was based on a graphical user interface prototype borrowed by Apple management from the Xerox PARC research center. Macintosh developers took some of the ideas from the Xerox prototype, refining and expanding them, adding their own.
It is worth noting that subsequently a number of other companies used Apple ideas in their products, for example, Microsoft company, which introduced a graphical shell similar to Mac OS for its MS-DOS operating system, called Windows (translated from English as windows).
In contrast to competitors' products, Apple wanted Macintosh computers to become an alternative to most computers. The company even came up with a definition for its products. In Apple's mind, the Macintosh computer was a product “for the rest of us,” that is, for the minority that did not use a PC. This circumstance indicated the uniqueness of the Macintosh. But at the same time, the operating system, largely thanks to which Mac computers differed from other computers, did not have an official name until the mid-90s of the twentieth century.
Early versions of Mac OS were compatible only with Macintosh computers based on Motorola 68k processors; later, Apple's operating system was compatible with the PowerPC processor (PPC) architecture. The latest versions of the OS - Mac OS X - have become compatible with the Intel x86 architecture. However, company policy does not allow installing Mac OS on any device based on the Intel x86 architecture. Operating system Mac can only be installed on Apple computers and laptops.
However, as practice shows, a hacked (pirated) version of Mac OS can be installed on almost any computer that supports Intel architecture x86. Such pirated versions operating systems are developed by the OSx86 community and are available through file-sharing networks. But it is worth noting that Mac installation OS on non-Apple computers is illegal because it violates the terms of the operating system license. It is worth considering that there are no technical contraindications for such a step: since 2006, Apple computers have used Intel processors (old Macintoshes were built on PowerPC) and differ little in the composition of components from conventional PCs, and Mac OS itself is compatible with a wide range of personal components computers. Therefore, Apple does not rely solely on the law-abiding behavior of users, but protects its operating system from illegal use using hardware methods - an additional chip is installed in Macintosh computers, and without it, installation of the OS is blocked.
However, bans do not stop computer "pirates". There are even entire companies that often illegally install Mac OS on their own assembled computers for the purpose of further implementation. Apple is trying its best to combat counterfeit products, including prosecution. An example of such opposition is Apple's legal battle with Psystar, a company that produces clones of Mac computers.
However, almost any user can install Mac OS on a PC. There are two popular ways to install Mac OS X without purchasing an actual Macintosh. Firstly, you can use a special boot program, which is written to a separate CD that installs Mac OS. Secondly, you can use a branded or “pirated” DVD with the OS distribution.
However, the easiest way is to download a hacked Mac OS X distribution from the Internet and burn it to a blank. It allows you to install an operating system on a PC without additional tools. It is worth noting that hacked Mac OS X distributions contain a large number of patches and drivers that allow the OS to run on personal computers, far from the real Apple in configuration.
Even if we do not take pirated copies into account, today the most common operating system from Apple is undoubtedly Mac OS X, the latest version (10.6) of which was released in June 2009 and is called Snow Leopard, and the beta version of this The OS was released in 2000. In this case, X is the Roman numeral ten. The point is that the first official version Mac OS X was also the tenth version of operating systems for Apple computers. It was published in 2001, under the code name Puma.
Mac OS X
operating system Mac OS X- this is a rather complex “organism” and it is quite difficult to say unequivocally what it is. The most successful description of the general concept is considered to be the representation of the operating system in the form of some multi-level structure, in which each level has its own purpose and its own range of tasks to be solved.
Mac OS X consists of several parts nested within each other. At the very top is the new Aqua user interface. Below it is a layer of support for application programs: Classic, Carbon, Cocoa, Java environments. Even deeper - graphics and multimedia: Quartz, OpenGL, QuickTime. And finally, in the very depths - the main engine of the system, the Darwin core.
Darwin kernel
The Darwin kernel is at the heart of the Mac OS X operating system. To speed up the introduction of the product and improve its quality, Apple, when developing Darwin, opened access to source codes For everyone. Darwin kernel modules were completely open source and available to programmers, right down to their source code. Thus, a huge number of people worked on the development and implementation of Darwin - over 100 thousand people.
The central part of Darwin is the Mach 3 microkernel, which came to Mac OS from the NextStep/OpenStep system. It is responsible for the most basic behavior of higher-level operating systems. The advantage of this microkernel architecture over an architecture with a monolithic kernel is that all the basic functions of the kernel are performed in the form of a small component that runs in privileged mode, the rest of the system functions are designed as plug-ins and work in normal, user mode. Thus, reliability is significantly increased, it has become quite easy to modify key OS components, etc.
Looking ahead, we can say that as a result, in 2001, after five years of the release of various kernels (Rhapsody, Darwin), Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah) was created - based on the Mach microkernel, borrowed from NeXT OS and BSD, with a system for emulating the old Mac OS Classic, a number of new technologies aimed at ensuring that Apple's new OS meets the needs of the times. Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma) was released in 2001, Mac OS X 10.2 (Jaguar) in 2002, Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther) in 2003, and Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) in 2005. Mac OS X 10.4
So, at the lowest level is an open integrated kernel called Darwin. The computer term "kernel" usually means a small, usually monolithic part of the system that is responsible for performing minimal functions. basic functions to support all basic operating system services. In Mac OS X, the concept of a kernel is significantly expanded. The kernel in Mac OS X refers to all software modules that execute in the kernel address space. Darwin combines several technologies, the main of which are:
- Mach 3.0 microkernel;
- operating system services based on BSD 4.4-Lite;
- fast, standards-based network modules;
- input/output system (I/O Kit);
- support for various file systems.
Microkernel Mach
The Mach microkernel (developed by Carnegie-Mellon University) is the basis of the entire Darwin kernel, as it performs all the critical functions of the operating system. It manages processor load, creates schedules and monitors their execution, allocates memory and ensures its protection, and forms a centralized infrastructure of system messages for other levels of the operating system.
- Memory protection. Mach ensures that no program can write any data into the address space of another program or system. Therefore, failures and disruptions in the operation of an application program do not lead to the collapse of the entire system: it is enough to disable the program that caused the failure and continue working.
- Preemptive multitasking. IN modern systems many tasks share processor resources. Mach monitors CPU usage, schedules, and prioritizes tasks to ensure maximum CPU efficiency and give all tasks the CPU time they need.
- Virtual memory. Each task in Mac OS X is allocated its own virtual address space of up to 4 GB. But the actual execution of any task is possible only in true physical memory - random access memory computer. Mach allocates physical memory space to tasks and translates virtual addresses into physical memory addresses. Typically, only one piece of program or data located in a task's virtual address space is loaded into physical memory. If another fragment is required, it is loaded into memory from a storage medium, usually a magnetic disk, displacing the previous fragment. Mach controls the loading and freeing of memory, ensuring effective work many tasks at the same time.
- Real time mode. For processes that require fast response, Mach provides access to processor resources in a minimum amount of time.
BSD system
Tightly integrated with the Mach microkernel, the BSD system in Mac OS X is a slightly modified version of the BSD 4.4-Lite operating system (Berkeley Software Distribution, developed by the University of California at Berkeley). The BSD version of the Darwin kernel provides support for various file systems and network technologies. Additionally, BSD replies:
- for the security system, identification and user rights,
- converting calls from program level to system level,
- BSD process model,
- implementation of the BSD sockets mechanism,
- implementation of so-called process threads (POSIX threads),
- Application Program Interface (API) of the kernel.
I/O system
The input/output system (I/O Kit) is built on an object-oriented model and corresponding libraries. It supports many devices various types, makes it easier to write drivers, is a modular and extensible system. Its most important features:
- true plug-and-play mode,
- dynamic device management (hot plugging),
- dynamic loading of drivers as needed,
- energy management for both laptop and desktop computers,
- multiprocessing.
At the user level, the software basis of network and communication tools Mac OS X is an OpenTransport technology.OpenTransport Mac OS X maintains most of the features found in Mac OS 8 and 9, although some have had to change. For networking, Mac OS X has:
- TSDDR protocol stack from BSD 4.4,
- IP and AppleTalk support,
- support for multiple IP addresses with one network interface(multihoming),
- routing
- multicast transmission of the same data to several recipients - multicast,
- implementation of AppleTalk based on socket technology,
- Mac OS Classic support,
- a set of modules for working with the network (OpenTransport), rewritten to work in the Carbon environment.
Mac OS X supports the following types of network environments:
- Ethernet-10/100Base-T;
- Ethernet-1000Base-T;
- Jumbo Frame;
- Serial transmission;
- Wireless transmission.
Mac OS X supports the following standard network protocols:
- TCP/IP, UDP/IP;
- HTTP;
- DHCP and BOOTP;
- LDAP;
To add new network technologies without the need to recompile the kernel, a mechanism for network kernel extensions is provided - Network Kernel Extensions. This mechanism allows not only to add individual network modules, but also full set(a stack of) new protocols that are dynamically loaded into or unloaded from the kernel as needed.
Another attractive feature of Mac OS X is that the very common Apache Web server is included with Mac OS X as part of the operating system. Therefore, it is quite easy to turn your computer into a personal Web server.
To do this, you need to create a hypertext structure and place all the files of this structure in personal folder user Sites.Home page in HTML format should be named index.html.
In order to activate the Web server itself, you need to go to the Sharing settings panel, File & Web tab, find the inscription Web Sharing Off and click on the Start button under this inscription.
If we compare Mac OS with the main competitor of Windows OS from Microsoft, then There are several main differences:
Firstly, the reliability and stability of the operating system. In this regard, leadership can be given to Apple. The fact is that Mac OS was created directly for Macintosh computers, which means they are fully compatible. Thus, an Apple computer running Mac OS does not crash and loads applications faster. It is also worth noting that the absence of a system registry in Mac OS eliminates a lot of problems that are common on PCs. Windows control often lead to system reinstallation. Professionals in video, design, computer graphics they choose the Apple Macintosh because these machines and their operating system are reliable.
Secondly, Mac OS has a more interesting and practical design, which can be described by the phrase “Nothing superfluous.” The usability of the system is also excellent. According to Bill Gribbons, a PhD candidate specializing in human factors in information design at Bentley University, Apple's approach to product development is what sets them apart from Microsoft. He also emphasized that Microsoft doesn't always focus on technology, Windows doesn't always have the best user experience, and the product isn't always easy to learn and doesn't always meet user needs.
For example, the interface of Mac OS X also has significant differences from Windows. If in Windows each program usually corresponds to one window with tabs and toolbars opening in it, then in Mac OS “floating” windows and panels are used, not tied to a common window, but located on the desktop.
In addition, Mac OS is easy to install and uninstall applications. For example, installing most programs under the Apple operating system is much easier than under Windows. In the Mac OS environment, the program appears to the user in the form of a single object - the so-called “package” (bundle), and for installation it is enough to simply drag the “bundle” icon into any folder or run it directly from the disk. With this installation method, the program leaves no traces in the system registry (since Mac OS does not have one) and public folders. Only a few programs (mostly “monsters” such as Adobe Creative Suite or Microsoft Office) use the usual ones for Windows users installers.
In addition, computers running Mac OS are virtually immune to malware infection and are resistant to unauthorized access to personal information.
However, as the share of Apple computers on the market grows, there is less and less talk about the reliable protection of Mac OS X. In this regard, the activity of hackers who are trying to crack the protection of Mac OS X is increasing every day. As of today, the latest signal was the appearance of the Trojan Puper is a program that pretends to be a video module for the non-existent MacCinema system. When viewing data, the Trojan appears as a disk image, which, when launched, creates the appearance of being installed. software. When the installation is completed, the computer is infected with a malicious script called AdobeFlash. Every five hours, the script tries to “break through” to download and launch other malicious software modules on the system.
Mac OS X has certain disadvantages, which, among other things, are associated with the advantages of this operating system. The use of reliable technologies and original design also affects the cost of both the computer and the OS itself - as a rule, it is an order of magnitude higher than the cost of a PC running Windows. In addition, Apple does not have average performance computers, as the company is focused on producing powerful machines for professional tasks, which limits target audience. Because of this, Apple is forced to keep the prices of its products high.
Another disadvantage of Mac OS is that there are fewer programs that can be installed on your computer. Among the software for Mac OS, there is software to solve any problem, but the choice is still not as wide as for Microsoft Windows.
The downside of Mac OS is also its inflexible user interface. Apple's operating system does not give the user the flexibility to control the size and placement of interface panels as can be done in Windows. At the same time, the style of system fonts in Mac OS can be changed within limited limits and only with the help of special additional programs.
In addition, a number of experts highlight image differences between the two systems. The Macintosh, with its Mac OS, is designed primarily for graphics and multimedia functions, and does these tasks better than Windows. In turn, Windows works significantly better with statistical and office applications. Few people play computer games on Macintosh, while there is an entire segment of gaming PCs and dedicated peripherals running Windows on the market.
Despite the fact that the undisputed leader in the number of installed operating systems is Microsoft Windows, according to Net Applications, the share of users accessing the Internet using Mac OS X in January 2009 was 9.93%. Net Applications also notes that in July 2009, the market share of Macintosh operating systems was 4.86%, while Windows held 93.04% of the market. At first glance, the share of Mac OS is ridiculous, but if we translate this into numbers, we will see more than 30 million computers running this system.
In the future, the number of Macintosh users, and therefore Mac OS, will gradually increase. IT market experts attribute this to the consistent reduction in the cost of Apple computers and laptops. Accordingly, the amount of malware for Macintosh will also increase, which could subsequently lead to the first official antivirus programs for Apple PC. Of course, in the near future the number of exclusive applications for Mac OS will increase, as well as the number of applications compatible with Windows, and vice versa.
macOS Catalina is an operating system for iMac, Mac Pro computers and Macbook laptops. Voice assistant Siri, Apple Music, Apple TV, Podcasts and Find My apps, improved interaction with other devices – iPad, iPhone, Apple Watch
New in version 10.15.3 Final (28.01.2020)
The macOS Catalina 10.15.3 update improves the stability, reliability, and security of your Mac. In this update:
- Optimized gamma processing when low levels gray on a Pro Display XDR monitor for standard dynamic range (SDR) workflows running on macOS.
- Improved performance for multi-threaded editing of 4K video in HEVC and H.264 formats on 16 inches MacBook Pro(2019 model).
New in version 10.15 (Catalina) (07.10.2019)
Apple introduces macOS Catalina. Lots of new features and apps, plus a Sidecar feature that lets you use iPad display to expand your Mac workspace.
Free upgrade to macOS Catalina
Easy migration from macOS Mojave
To install the macOS Catalina update, go to Software Update in System settings. Click the "Update Now" button and follow the onscreen instructions.
Downgrading from an earlier version of macOS
If your Mac is running control High Sierra (10.13), Sierra (10.12) or El Capitan (10.11), you can download the update to macOS Catalina from the App Store. If you have Lion (10.7) or Mountain Lion (10.8) installed, you will need to first upgrade to El Capitan (10.11).
General requirements
- OS X 10.9 or later
- 4 GB memory
- 12.5 GB available disk space (OS X El Capitan 10.11.5 or later)
- Some features require an Apple ID; conditions are required.
- Some features require a compatible Internet service provider; charges may apply.
Mac hardware requirements
To get information about your Mac model, click the Apple icon in the top-left corner of your screen and choose About This Mac. Mac models compatible with macOS Catalina.
OS X- one of the most popular operating systems in the world, belongs to the Apple OS family and is built on the UNIX platform. The system is intuitive and beautiful. OS X is only available for Mac computers. It is the successor to Mac OS, that is, Macintosh Operating System.
OS X is the main feature of Mac computers. Without her they wouldn't be so popular. Everything in it works with a bang and the main thing is together. The system is fully integrated, and working with Intel processors provides it with the best performance.
OS X is based on a POSIX-compliant Darwin OS with an XNU kernel that uses BSD services and the Mach kernel itself. OS X has a large number of features. This makes it stable and fast. The use of rounded corners and translucent elements makes appearance system is amazing.
History of the OS X operating system
Mac OS is the first name of the operating system that was released with the first Macintosh computer in 1984. The first ideas that were implemented in this system, the developers learned from the Xerox company, which this moment already had a graphical OS.
A few years later, combining existing developments and Apple’s own ideas, the developers created a completely new graphics system called Macintosh Operating System. It had a mouse available, which allowed the owner to move the cursor across the entire screen area. A window interface with folders and files has also appeared.
Apple's main goal was to create an operating system that would be fully integrated with Mac computers. It was convenient and intuitive even for a user who found himself near a computer for the first time.
A large number of ideas that were invented by Apple are now the standard in the software field.
The first version of the Macintosh Operating System occupied only 216 kilobytes of disk space. This product was not at all protected from counterfeiting, so all subsequent updates were focused on increasing protection.
The ninth version of Mac OS became the peak of the company's work, and with the release of the tenth - absolutely new system Mac OS X, which saw the world in March 2000, received great recognition from Apple. The system code was completely redesigned, using NextStep OS as the basis.
OS X currently uses the Mach kernel, core UNIX features, and standard BSD services. The functionality, stability and, most importantly, security of the system is now at its best.
OS X Features
On OS X good view have full-color scaled icons, beautiful shadows around windows with rounded corners and a translucent menu. Spell checking, color and font selection, dictionary and palette special characters available for all menu applications.
High-quality antialiasing for text, graphics, and windows makes OS X superior. A beautiful Dock that allows you to move between windows, nice interface elements and dialog modal windows.
OS X Applications
The OS X operating system integrates a large number of applications for working with by email, Internet, contacts, messages, reminders and videos.
Mac App Store is a professional online store. Ideologically, it is similar to the App Store for iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad.
The Mac App Store allows you to download, purchase, and install applications, as well as update them when new versions are released.
Time Machine
Time Machine is an application program released by Apple on August 7, 2006 for storing backup copies of documents. It was released to work with it on Mac OS X Time Capsule(access point).
Time Machine creates every hour backup copy files on an external hard drive. Users have the ability to recover specific documents, photos, videos and other files.
Safari browser
Safari is a compact and minimalistic browser developed personally by Apple. It is included in the OS X and iOS operating systems.
Based on the free WebKit engine. It makes it possible to open several tabs in one window at once, search necessary information V search engines Google, Yahoo and Bing, block pop-ups and make filling out forms quicker.
Mail client for Mac
Apple Mail- a universal email client from Apple, present in OS X. Mail for Mac has the ability to support multiple accounts, filter incoming messages according to specified criteria, support mail services GMail, Yahoo! Mail, MobileMe and more.
Main feature mail client there is the creation of smart boxes (smart boxes), which make it possible to quickly search and find the necessary information and messages.
FaceTime
FaceTime is a unique video communication technology between Mac computer owners, iPhone phones, iPods Touch and iPad tablets. It was developed by Apple and makes it possible to make video calls between supporting gadgets.
In order to make a video call you need to have account FaceTime and Internet access.
Games are computer programs that are created based on films and books. - this is a set of the most popular genres: science fiction, action, shooters.
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