Instruction
Processor architecture refers to a family and generation of processors that have their own set of instructions. Selecting the appropriate operating system distribution according to the characteristics of the processor allows you to achieve maximum performance in working with a computer.
Processor architecture by Intel, as a rule, has the designation x86 and refers to stones of the families i286, i386, i486, etc. Processors from other companies (AMD, Apple, VIA) used to be compatible with Intel and had a similar classification. Then they began to give names, which gradually turned into independent trademarks. This made it difficult to classify them.
In the "Hardware Information" window, look at the "Processor Type" line. like a car or washing machine, smartphones and tablets are not all the same. It's a fact, some models are more powerful than others. From the first telephone phone to the latest smartphone smartphone on this moment there is a real power gap. Therefore, it is good to determine its needs before buying a blind model.
However, it's impossible to get an opinion on this subject as a neophyte of new technologies, and everyone should know where to start. Some key features make it easy to evaluate a smartphone to make sure it meets your needs in terms of raw power.
Look at your processor model in technical documentation. If its value corresponds to Pentium (excluding Pentium 4 Extreme Edition), Celeron, Celeron D, Xeon, AMD K5, K6, Duron, Athlon, Sempron, then the processor is x86 architecture. If the processor is labeled as Opteron, Athlon 64, Athlon XII, Sempron 64, Turion 64, Pentium D, Xeon MP, Atom 230, Atom 330, Core 2 Duo and MacBook, then it has x86_64 architecture.
Price, the first power indicator
The higher the smartphone, the more powerful it is. This postulate is valid most of the time. Thus, if power is the main buying criterion, it is better to look at the latest and, inevitably, the most expensive models. However, it should be noted that the technologies built into phones are evolving very quickly, so prices are dropping equally fast.
The price of a model is unlikely to change until the next one is available for sale. Games and more software rare for gourmets. The strength of a smartphone can be perceived by a prism of three components. The larger they are, the more responsive the phone is and the more likely it is to multi-task at the same time.
Knowledge of architecture is essential in open source distributions. source code. Otherwise, if you choose the wrong one, the system will not install or work correctly.
To determine the architecture, you can use special programs for Windows such as Everest or CPU-Z. They will indicate support for AMD64 or EMT64 technology.
Today, most manufacturers tend to include 3 GB in their flagship models. These complete systems combine a processor and graphics chip on the same chip, among many other things. They fit all models of the year, regardless of brand. We will discuss the flagship models of recent years. It should be banned for anyone who wants to have a car capable of making the latest big games for now. To date, only equipped best smartphones and tablets. At the sight of the nose, products with 805 will hold the shock without flinching for at least two years.
At the moment, the distribution of software and operating systems in the form of a distribution kit is widely used by developers. It is very important to remember that when updating programs or the OS, you need to know the versions of the distributions, because often their discrepancy can lead to malfunctions in the operating system.
Clock frequency, kesako?
Those numbers are pretty good, but what are they? To be honest, it's very simple. Processor frequency is the number of operations it can perform in one second. The higher the frequency of the processor, the more actions it can take.
Be careful not to compare what cannot be compared
Clock frequency can be extremely wrong for anyone who relies on it with their eyes closed. Indeed, it is impossible to decently compare the frequency of two different processors. More precisely, you cannot compare the frequency of two processors if the architecture of their cores is different.You will need
- -Personal Computer;
- - the version of OS Windows 7 installed on it;
- - sources\install.wim\1.xml document.
Instruction
In order for the appropriate version of the distribution kit for Windows, the user does not need additional knowledge in the field computer technology. It will be enough to use one of several methods that will help you find out the version of the distribution.
Knocking down technical specifications
The architecture - or instruction set - of a processor is somehow its basis or the language it speaks. Processors may have a different architecture, which means they are not designed in the same way. Therefore, the latter is better because its architecture relies on 64-bits, otherwise more powerful than 32-bits. Looking at the data sheet mobile phone, this may seem much lower than high-end smartphones. Components and software are optimized to work in harmony.
Method 1. You can use the appropriate file to determine the version of the distribution you are using. Open the document, which bears the following name - sources\install.wim\1.xml. After this action is complete, pay attention to the following entries: i. Between these kinds of tags, the version and assembly of the distribution kit of your operating system will be indicated. Windows systems 7. It should be remembered that tags and are not always at the very top text document, so it is mandatory to view the entire file with information.
That's why it's extremely fluid even though it only has 1GB of RAM. Extravagant to the end, Cupertino does not use the same components as other manufacturers. The explanation couldn't be simpler. In this simple guide, we'll show you how. You must know your own processor and architecture to ensure that you are downloading files that are compatible and suitable for this type of device. Open the app and go to the "System" tab.
We store information in these fields. The information we display differs from the information required for modification operations. Knowing your processor is useful for accurately understanding the capabilities and specifications this element and, if necessary, its configuration. In this guide, we will show you "tricks" that will allow you to easily identify your processor.
Method 2. If you have a distribution CD, where you need to find out its number and version, but do not install the OS on a personal computer. The main thing is that all operations are performed as correctly and correctly as possible, in order to avoid any negative consequences.
Follow a simple chain of actions:
Click Start, then Control Panel, then System. A window with system properties will open. On the General tab, you will see the name of the processor and its frequency. The second way is to right-click My Computer and click Properties. For a more complete inventory of your hardware, you can use one of the following programs.
Method 4. Using systems analysis programs
On the results page, you'll find a side-by-side version of the instruction set entry. Then click on the result and check what appears next to the 64-bit entry in the specification table. Don't miss the next lessons! Getting the operating system reference architecture, kernel version, etc. still very simple: just fire up a terminal window and give it the correct command.
Open the distribution disk;
Find a file named sources\ei.cfg. The file may be hidden, so display hidden files using simple settings of the Windows operating system;
Look at the version of the distribution kit that will be indicated in it.
In case you can't figure out the settings, then take a look at the setup.exe file, which is located in the root folder installation disk. In properties given file will display the version and build of the distribution. These simple methods will allow the user to determine the version of the distribution kit for Windows OS in the shortest possible time and without any problems.
To view all important information about the hardware configuration of the device, you have two ways. Perhaps you don't know if computer processor 32-bit or 64-bit. But you may also be wondering if you should install a 32-bit or 64-bit operating system.
Frequently Asked Questions to give feedback for a better understanding What to do? In general, you can install a 32-bit and 64-bit operating system on a 64-bit processor. Instead, a 32-bit machine can only install 32-bit, not 64-bit operating system. Before you begin: how to use the terminal.
The advent of open architecture
The eighties of the last century were marked by the advent of the fourth generation of computers and the beginning of the era of personal computers. In 1981, the IBM PC saw the light of day, becoming the best-selling personal computer in history.
The reasons for the success of this model lie in the principle of open architecture, which was implemented for the first time. All computer projects were in the public domain. This allowed other manufacturers to start producing compatible components and peripherals.
In the future, you will be prompted to give a command from the terminal. Just enter the command at a time by typing. So, you have to give him a keyboard. Quote it carefully and in full. After entering the password, resubmit the keyboard and wait for the process created by the command to complete. Is my computer's processor 32-bit or 64-bit?
The first thing to know is whether you have a processor capable of supporting 64-bit architecture. But let's see how to define functions. Learn more about the computer. Another way to get news about hardware and operating system is to use system monitor.
The entire design documentation for the IBM PC, including the electronic circuits, was published as a book, costing about $50, which was the first example of an open architecture.
Subsequently, the decision to publish the specifications negatively affected IBM, as IBM-compatible copies appeared at much lower prices. But the average user only benefited from this.
Open Architecture Principles
IBM's open architecture includes a set of standards for computer hardware and software. For example, device addressing, availability of BIOS and non-volatile memory for its storage, the organization of processor interrupts, and so on.
Another method is to give the terminal a command. You will have a lot of information about the equipment. You can also take a look at the page. As already mentioned, almost all new processors support 64-bit operating systems. Benefits of a 64-bit operating system.
If, for example, you use software for video editing, graphics rendering, or need special processing, then the difference is noticeable. Disadvantages of a 64-bit operating system. You can still find programs that only work on 32-bit systems. The same is true for some drivers that are only provided in 32-bit versions that cannot be installed on 64-bit systems.
But the main principle is the unification of the components, the so-called block-modular structure. A personal computer consists of certain blocks, their set can be changed or supplemented by the user independently.
First personal computers supplied as a set of printed circuit board, chipset, including processor, connecting cables and floppy drive. The user had to not only assemble a computer, but also write software for it.
The blocks are installed in the sockets of the motherboard, which, through the system bus, ensures their interaction with each other and the central processor.
The package will appear a little lower. If it's not installed, install it. Then open a terminal and paste the command. Voices are used to bring news to the House and then make it more known. Notes. If you enter your email address, you will be sent email with your confirmation link as a reminder. You can use this screen to uninstall the app's basic discovery features and launch it.
Error message In case of an error, open the application menu and select "Submit debug information" to send a report to e-mail. For more support, there are sites like this. The purpose of this section is to describe only the basic things.
The open architecture allows you to build a computer from scratch, choosing the necessary processor, RAM, HDD and a set of expansion boards for specific tasks. Thus, without knowledge of circuitry, you can get any device - from a personal web server to a multimedia center.
In addition, the open architecture has had a positive impact on the computer components market, causing high competition in this area. As a result, products have become more diverse, and their prices are lower. It is enough to compare the cost of an IBM-compatible computer with a closed counterpart, such as Apple.
One of them uses all personal computers sold in recent years. Sometimes builders use special hardware or proprietary hardware for some features of the laptop specification that may not be supported. Initially, having multiple processors on a computer was only a feature of high-level server systems, in recent years this feature has become very common thanks to the so-called "multi-core" processors. These processors contain two or more processors, called a "core", on a single chip.
note
The x64 architecture is more advanced than x32 (x84). All modern multi-core systems are 64-bit. They are backwards compatible, i.e. able to work with 32-bit applications.
Often manufacturers label the product as i386 or i586, which implies a 32-bit system (x86).
Helpful advice
Installing additional firmware requires even a small amount of hardware, even for basic functions, however, these are very rare exceptions. In many cases, even 3D acceleration works right away, but there are some devices that require drivers to work correctly.
The installer asks to download the firmware as needed. See Section 4 "Download Firmware Firmware". You will be able to install the drivers and firmware you will need after the installation is complete, and you can manually set up the network. In this case, you should look for the source of the driver on the Internet and compile the driver yourself, as this is out of the scope this manual. Support for voice synthesis support is supported by speaker support. Support only supports integrated cards and external devices connected to the serial port.
Macintosh G3-G5 and PowerBook processors are ppc architecture.
Author: Silver Moon
Publication date: Jul 4, 2014
Translation: N.Romodanov
Transfer date: October 2014
Processor Information
Detailed information about the processor, which we will talk about, contains information about the number of cores, the presence of a mode hyper threading, architecture, cache size, etc. Finding this processor-related information on your system can be a little tricky, as it needs to be retrieved using different commands.
Information about supported speech synthesis devices can be found on the speaker's website. However, during system installation, many of these peripherals are not needed. It had very limited addressability and was rather slow. The inclusion of microprocessors in personal computers meant that these circuits were manufactured in large numbers, making them cheaper.
This "maximum 16-bit microprocessor" has internal architecture and 32-bit performance. The first programmable and controllable device is created using a programming language capable of meeting a wide variety of processing needs.
The commands we will be using include the lscpu, /proc/cpuinfo, and lstopo (hwloc) commands. With their help, you can find out detailed information about the cores and processors. The following examples explain how to interpret the results of these commands.
1. Vendor and processor model
To determine the processor vendor and model name, use the grep command to search the /proc/cpuinfo file.
With six bits, it was possible to represent all alphanumeric characters, but not various punctuation marks. The modern emergence of the eight-byte byte as a digital encoding standard favored the choice of this format as the size of the new microprocessor journal.
You enter the second generation. It belongs to the third generation of microprocessors: the size of the registers is doubled and is included in the 16-bit. A performance boost ten times greater than that of "end-to-end 20-bit data bus" can channel MB of memory, an almost infinite amount in those days.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep vendor | uniq vendor_id: GenuineIntel
This is an Intel processor. We then find the model name, which can be used to look up exact specifications on the Intel site.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "modelname" | uniq model name: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz
This is the "Core 2 Quad Q8400" processor.
2. Architecture
Using the lscpu command, you can find out the architecture of the processor.
$ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian .....
The architecture is x86_64 which means 64 bit architecture.
3. Frequency
The frequency/speed of the processor can be found using the lscpu command and in the /proc/cpuinfo file.
$ lscpu | grep -i mhz CPU MHz: 1998.000 $ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i mhz | uniq cpu MHz: 1998.000
Since the majority modern processors work for more low frequencies To conserve power, the frequency reported may be lower than the actual frequency of the specified processor. When the load increases, they switch to a higher frequency.
The frequency change can be detected in the file of /proc/cpuinfo using the watch command.
$ watch -n 0.1 "cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i mhz"
Run the above command in a terminal and while it's running run some CPU intensive task and the frequency should increase.
Every 0.1s: cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i mhz Sun Jun 29 15:28:38 2014 cpu MHz: 2664.000 cpu MHz: 2664.000 cpu MHz: 2664.000 cpu MHz: 2664.000
4. Number of cores
Each processor core is, in fact, an independent processor. Multiple cores allow the processor to execute multiple instructions in a program at the same time, resulting in increased processing speed.
The lscpu command specifies "number of cores per socket".
$ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 1 Core(s) per socket: 4 Socket(s): 1
Thus, in this case, the number of cores in the processor is 4.
The /proc/cpuinfo file also has information about the number of cores, but getting it is a bit more complicated and confusing.
Simply counting the number of processors may give an incorrect number.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "processor"
In the case when the hyper threading mode is used, the number of processors that the operating system sees is twice the number of cores. But in the /proc/cpuinfo file there is a field called "core id" which is unique for each core of a single processor. Counting these names allows you to get a clear idea of the number of real cores in the processor.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i "core id" core id: 0 core id: 2 core id: 1 core id: 3
Multiple processors
Rarely, but in cases where you are using a system that has multiple physical processors (yes, that means 2 or more processors installed on motherboard), the results in /proc/cpuinfo will be different. In the case of multiple processors, "physical id" will mean multiple values.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep -i "physical id" | uniq physical id: 0
If there is more than one physical processor ID, then there are multiple physical processors in the system. And in each processor you have to count the cores separately.
5. Hyper threading technology
Hyper threading is an Intel technology that allows one core to perform processing as if it were two cores. This in certain cases also increases the processing power of each core in some way.
To check if the processor supports hyper-threading mode, you need to compare the two values. The first is the actual number of cores and the second is the logical number.
If the number of cores is equal to the number of processors that are visible in the OS, then there is no hyper threading mode. Otherwise, i.e. if the number of processing units is greater (twice as large) as the number of cores, then hyper threading mode is present.
Number of processing units = number of cores [ no hyper threading ] number of processing units = number of cores * 2 [ hyper threading present ]
As an example, let's take core processor 2 Quad Q8400
The number of processors as shown in /proc/cpuinfo is 4
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor processor: 0 processor: 1 processor: 2 processor: 3
Number of "cpu cores" = 4, same as "siblings" = 4 and "core id" = 4
Processor: 0 vendor_id: GenuineIntel cpu family: 6 model: 23 model name: Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz stepping: 10 microcode: 0xa07 cpu MHz: 1998.000 cache size: 2048 KB physical id: 0 siblings: 4 core id: 0 cpu cores: 4 apicid: 0 .....
Therefore, the total number of processors is equal to the number of actual cores. Therefore, there is no hyper threading mode on this processor, which is confirmed by the processor specifications given on the Intel website.
Hyper threading information found in /proc/cpuinfo or lscpu output will vary.
Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit CPU(s): 8 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 4 CPU socket(s): 1 NUMA node( s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 30 Stepping: 5 CPU MHz: 1199.000 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 8192K
Note the line "Thread(s) per core: 2" indicating that there are 2 threads per core; There are four cores in total. So the number of processors that are visible in the OS is 8.
Now let's take a look at the data from /proc/cpuinfo.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo processor: 0 vendor_id: GenuineIntel cpu family: 6 model: 60 model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4700HQ CPU @ 2.40GHz stepping: 3 microcode: 0x12 cpu MHz: 800.000 cache size: 6144 KB physical id: 0 siblings: 8 core id: 0 cpu cores: 4 apicid: 0
Here "cpu cores" = 4 and "siblings" = 8 mean there are 4 cores and 2 hyperthreads per core. The number of processors, as shown in /proc/cpuinfo, will also be 8.
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep processor processor: 0 processor: 1 processor: 2 processor: 3 processor: 4 processor: 5 processor: 6 processor: 7
The HTT flag in dmidecode output and the ht flag in /proc/cpuinf flags may give incorrect information regarding hyper threading mode.
For the Core2Quad Q8400 processor, dmidecode and /proc/cpuinfo show that the hyperthreading flag is set, even though hyper threading is not available on that processor.
$ sudo dmidecode -t processor | grep HTT HTT (Multi-threading) $ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep ht | uniq flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm .....
hwloc/lstopo utility
The hwloc utility is a small utility that reports the structure of a processor in a nice diagram. The diagram shows the number of cores, the presence of hyper threading mode and the amount of cache memory. One diagram tells everything.
$ sudo apt-get install hwloc $ hwloc
From the diagram above, it is clear that the size of the L2 cache is 4096 KB or 4MB, the number of cores is 4, the number of threads in the core is 1.
Processor with hyper threading technology
For a processor with hyper threading mode, the resulting hwloc diagram may look like this
The diagram shows that the size of the L3 cache is 8MB, the number of cores is 4, the number of threads in the core is 2 (i.e., hyper threading mode is available).
