Rare programming languages. Five promising programming languages with a bright future

1. Java

Java - one of the most popular languages for back-end development of modern corporate web applications. And this is its main advantage. Using the tongue Java and its frameworks, web developers can create scalable web applications for a wide range of users. Java - the main language for developing native applications for Android and other applications for smartphones and tablets. The big advantage of this language is called WORA ( " Write once, run anywhere” ) - “write once, works everywhere” principle declared Sun Microsystems to prove cross-platform Java . But this plus does not negate the fact that this language works slower than other similar ones.

And its code memory footprint is smaller than most other languages. One of the main reasons for this is exception support. Therefore the compiler cannot parse them and cannot know whether they will throw exceptions. Therefore, it must prepare to handle exceptions thrown from any of their constructors, destructors, or other method calls.

Destructors should not throw, but the user can throw anyway, otherwise they may indirectly cause a call to some function or method that throws an exception. One implementation of the stack unwinding mechanism will use the return address of the last call to this function to check the "checkpoint number" of the call that caused the exception.

2. JavaScript

An ultra-popular language among young developers. It is suitable for creating website interactivity, or building user interfaces using one of dozens of popular frameworks. This language is rarely seen outside of the browser, probably because that's the only place where it's useful. Nevertheless, JavaScript It's worth learning, not only because it and its dozens of frameworks are gaining popularity, but also because in the future the language will allow you to create more complex things.

It does this by using an autothrowing helper function that will be used to unwind the stack in case an exception is thrown from the body of that function, which will be similar to this. If an exception is thrown from breakpoints 1 and 9, no object needs to be destroyed. In all cases, the order of destruction must be followed. This helper function adds size to the code. Many built-in applications cannot afford this extra space.

Understand the car

Using this modified scheme without exceptions requires more training to identify possible problems or searching for errors. This increase in binary size gets worse for other languages that add additional overhead with other useful features but cannot be provided by embedded systems. Let's look at some of these benefits. This gives the implementation the greatest possible portability. Therefore, you will likely benefit from knowing this language. Does this part pass a "pointer" to the object or does it copy the entire object?

3.C#

C # is worth learning because knowing it will help you get a job quite easily. This is the most popular language now for developing applications for Windows , and very popular for mobile devices. In addition, the game development engine Unity also uses C # as one of the main languages. It is very similar to other object-oriented programming languages and is quite easy to learn with a basic knowledge C++ or Java.

Could there be some kind of "throw" here? We have rarely discussed the assembly instructions that a piece of code executes when analyzing the behavior of a piece of high-level language code. Moreover, if you can't stop and think about what you're doing, you may end up programming with some kind of superstition about how things are done.

This is the visual image of the company, which should attract the attention of consumers. In other words, it is the face of the business, the business card that gives customers and business partners an initial impression of the company. Creating high-quality brand identities is a complex task that requires a lot of time, effort and attention to detail.

4. PHP

A good language for creating web applications for working with data. This is the main technology for creating powerful systems content management such as WordPress , which can later be expanded to make the site more powerful. It was criticized as an unsafe language, but the situation changed for the better after an update in 2004. For those who want to teach PHP recommended to know HTML, CSS and Javascript.

What is he doing corporate style? These are: logo, business cards, trademarks, company forms, various promotional materials, outdoor advertising, websites, etc. The question is: what should be the corporate identity of a company so that we can call it a quality company? What mistakes are most often made by business people in our country when developing a corporate style?

According to the designers, big problem Lithuanian businessmen is lack of originality. They are more likely to want to copy other, more popular, well-known corporate styles than to create something original and original. It is expected to attract clients from the above-mentioned companies. However, this strategy rarely pays off.

5. C++

Created in 1979, the language is still very popular and is used to build various types applications - from games to office applications. C ++ is intended for system programming, and is suitable for developing powerful software, hardware-accelerated games and applications that require large amounts of memory on desktop computers, consoles and mobile devices. Among the disadvantages of C++, programmers name “clumsiness” in comparison with Java.

Another big mistake is to create a corporate style for yourself, i.e. so he likes the company's management, employees, etc. There is no consensus on how customers will value it. Often the company's corporate identity is the manager's business card. When developing a corporate identity, you only need to focus on your clients, think about the message they convey to certain design decisions.

One of the main goals of corporate style is to awaken the desire to become a client of the company

Undoubtedly, corporate identity is a very important element in the formation of a corporate image. It shows what the company is or wants to be in the future. Corporate style is a great way to show the company's values and show its potential. It should be noted that one of the main goals of corporate style is to have an emotional impact on consumers and stimulate their desire to become customers of the company, not only for quality goods or services, but also because they love a certain company: its image, activity, etc. such customers are more loyal because they like the whole company, not just some of its products.

6. Python

It's worth studying if only because Python - Google and Ubuntu's choice . But this is not the only positive feature of the language Python , among which are also its excellent readability and elegant code. Python does not require as much code to execute a program as other languages.

7. Ruby

Ruby - the language is easy to learn and incredibly powerful, plus thousands of popular web applications around the world are written in it. If you love objects, this language is for you. Its main advantage is speed. Ruby is very similar to Python , but less "human".

At the end of the day, better, cheaper products may always come along, but if there is a certain emotional connection with the company, your competitors won't have it as easy for your customers. This is due to a lack of knowledge about the importance of corporate identity and possible design solutions. The only way to avoid such mistakes is to take help from professional designers as they are the most famous for fashion trends in this field. Professional designers will advise you on the design choices you need to be innovative and modern, or how to create a more durable, simpler and more understated corporate identity that will still be attractive in a few years.

PROMISING

8. Erlang

Erlang - functional programming language developed by the company Ericsson ,for the development of distributed real-time systems. Its main feature is parallelism. It's worth learning because large banks with millions of users use Erlang for banking systems. For example, PrivatBank, the largest Ukrainian bank, is looking for Erlang developers to work with the Privat24 Internet banking system, which was previously written in Java.

After all, classics never go out of style. You don’t need to be afraid to surrender to the hands of professionals, listen to their advice more, and not poke your opinion, which is not necessarily true. Tell your designer about your company's brand identity, what you want, and let him present his vision. Only make your final decision after listening to the opinion of a professional.

When it comes to the corporate design trend over the past few years, it must be said that minimalist and clean shapes have prevailed as the prevailing trends. This means that every style of accent, detailing, and color chosen has its own meaning and purpose.

9. R

Widely used for statistical software development, but not very popular among developers. This language is recommended for those who need serious data analysis. It works on all platforms and integrates with many programming languages such as Java, Ruby, C++, Python . Although it is not so popular now, the situation may change for the better. In January 2015 Microsoft acquired the company Revolution Analytics , according to them, to contribute to further development language R.

Professional development of real estate portals

Housing is one of the basic needs of every person. This is a guarantee of a stable, safe life. One of the most popular ways to buy a home is through real estate advertising portals. Indeed, real estate advertising portals - The best way not only buy a house quickly, but also at a competitive price, but also sell it. It is no secret that the demand for real estate during this period is extremely high, and there is no shortage of supplies. Real estate advertising portals help buyers and sellers find each other.

10. Swift

Programming language Swift captured developers as a new, faster and easier way to develop for Mac and iOS, compared to Objective-C . However, it is only relevant in the ecosystem Apple. Good for Apple - bad for a developer who doesn't want to work exclusively for Apple , especially considering the popularity Android . Worth learning if you want to contribute to the world of gaming on iOS

Portals of this kind are becoming more and more common as time goes by. It is obvious that they have something to create. They are specialists in website design. Let's not say that this is one of the fastest growing services these days. Looking for good specialists in this field, you can easily get a chance because all the web hosting service companies present the most beautiful and lively words. Visiting each company's website gives the impression that they are the best, their work is highest quality and so on.

Therefore, if you do not want to make a mistake when choosing, always look at the opinions of other people who come across a particular company. This is the most accurate information about the quality of the company's services. It's no secret that talk about good specialists in the field has spread from lip to lip. It should be noted that our corporate clients Our specialists do not spare good words about the quality of work, efficiency, understanding the individual needs of the client and adapting to them. Therefore, if you are looking for good specialists whom you trust to create a real estate portal, contact the specialists of our company.

11. Go (Golang)

There is much more information on the Internet about why more Go bad language than good. This language is developed Google. So, according to Google, Go provides fundamental support for parallel program execution and communication, and offers an approach to building system software on multi-core computers. This language may be included in the list of promising ones, but we have some doubts about its future.

Real estate portal for short and long term rentals

The portal is conveniently located, with a large number of photographs, video reports, maps that will help you find the exact location of the desired property. Thanks to integrated contact forms, customers can quickly and easily contact advertisers or owners of properties of interest. Using the social plugins installed on this portal, you can exchange information with your friends.

Also on this portal it is possible to advertise various real estate companies, real estate brokers, etc. In fact, it may seem that the description of our portal, created by the company, is just its advertisement. But this is not true. The description of this real estate portal is a way of describing the characteristics of such portals of this kind.

Title of the report

Modern languages programming and their use

Author of the project

Project structure

● Programming languages classification scheme

● Classification of programming languages

● Overview of programming languages

● Useful resources

Programming Language Classification Scheme

Classification of programming languages

Procedural programming- is a reflection of von Neumann computer architecture. A program written in a procedural language is a sequence of commands that define an algorithm for solving a problem. The main idea of procedural programming is the use of memory to store data. The main command is assignment, with which the computer's memory is determined and changed. The program converts the contents of memory, changing it from initial state to the result.

Real estate advertising portals

They help both parties save time by buying or selling a certain property. Buyers have many options because they can choose from a large number of listings on different property portals and compare prices there. This will help you better understand prices in the housing market and help you choose the best value for money home. Of course, the most important and important feature of such portals is functionality. It is unlikely that people will come to real estate advertising portals to look around, admire the pictures, and so on.

There are the following procedural programming languages:

 The Fortran language was created in the early 50s of the 20th century for programming scientific and technical problems;

 COBOL – created in the late 60s of the 20th century to solve problems of processing large amounts of data stored on various data storage media;

 ALGOL (1960) is a multi-purpose advanced programming language. It introduced for the first time the concepts of “block program structure” and “dynamic memory allocation”;

Another important part of the success of a real estate advertising portal is the promotion of good and effective advertising. After all, it's obvious that people won't land on your portal if they don't know anything about it. With the help of your web portal it will rank higher in the results search engine, so it will be more noticeable. So while you're starting to figure it out, you can use other ways to attract customers: advertise in in social networks or on certain sites, send newsletters and more.

 In the mid-60s of the 20th century, a specialized programming language for beginners was created - BASIC. It is characterized by ease of learning and the presence of universal tools for solving scientific, technical and economic problems, as well as problems, for example, gaming ones.

All of the languages listed above were focused on different classes of tasks, but they were, to one degree or another, tied to a specific computer architecture.

To summarize, real estate advertising portals are a specific type of portal, the creation of which requires special knowledge and skills. If quality, speed and customization are important to you, then we're on our way.

Business programming is one of the fastest growing businesses around the world. Well-known programmers are currently in demand in Lithuania, which is constantly in short supply. Unlike most other professions, the demand for programmers is still higher than the supply.

 In 1963-1966, the multi-purpose universal language PL-1 was created. This language is well suited for research and planning of computational processes, modeling, solving logical problems, and developing software systems.

 Pascal language (PASCAL) (1968-1971) is the most popular procedural programming language for PCs, which is still successfully used today. The Pascal language is based on an approach from general problems to specific ones (simpler and smaller in scope). The basic principles that Pascal has include: a) Structured programming, which is based on the use of subroutines and independent data structures; b) Top-down programming, when a problem is divided into simple, independently solved problems. Then the solution to the original problem is built entirely from top to bottom.

 Procedural programming languages include the ADA language (1979). The language is named after the first programmer Ada Lovelace, Byron’s daughter. It is distinguished by its modular design.

 The SI language (early 70s) also belongs to the procedural programming languages. Its original version was planned as a language for implementation operating system Unix instead of Assembly language. One of the features of the SI language is that the differences between expressions and operators are smoothed out, which brings it closer to functional programming languages. In addition, the SI language does not have the concept of a procedure, and the use of subroutines is based on the concept of a function, which can combine the capabilities of a procedure. On the one hand, based on the set of control constructs and data structures, it can be classified as a high-level language, and on the other hand, it has a set of means for directly accessing functional units computer, meaning that it can be used as an operating language.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming method in which the main elements of programs are objects. In programming languages, the concept of an object is implemented as a set of properties (data structures characteristic of a given object), methods for processing them (subroutines for changing their properties) and events, to which this object can react and which lead, as a rule, to a change in the properties of the object. Combining data and their inherent processing procedures in one object is called encapsulation and is one of the most important principles of OOP.

Another fundamental concept is class. A class is a template on the basis of which a specific software object can be created; it describes the properties and methods that determine the behavior of objects of this class. Each concrete object having the structure of this class is called an instance of the class.

The next most important principles of OOP are inheritance and polymorphism. Inheritance involves the creation of new classes based on existing ones and allows a descendant class to have (inherit) all the properties of the parent class.

Polymorphism means that born objects have information about what methods they should use depending on where they are in the chain.

Another important principle of OOP is modularity - objects contain a complete definition of their characteristics, no definitions of methods and properties should be located outside it, this makes it possible to freely copy and implement one object into others.

The most modern programming languages are C++ and Java. Since the mid-90s, many object-oriented languages have been implemented as visual design systems, in which the interface part of a software product is created interactively, with virtually no writing of program statements. To object – oriented systems visual design include Visual Basic, Delphi, C++ Builder, Visual C++. VBA (Visual Basic for Application) language - language Microsoft applications Office (Excel, Word, Power Point and etc). VBA follows the basic syntax of the language and the programming rules of Basic languages - dialects, allows you to create macros to automate the execution of certain operations and GUI user, integration between various software products.

Declarative programming languages

These include functional and logical programming languages. Functional programming is a way of writing programs in which the only action is to call a function. Functional programming does not use memory as a place to store data, and therefore does not use intermediate variables, assignment statements, or loops. The key concept in functional languages is expression. A program written in a functional language is a sequence of descriptions of functions and expressions. The expression is calculated by reducing the complex to the simple. All expressions are written in the form of lists. The first language was the Lisp language (LISP, LIST Processing) created in 1959. This language allows you to process large amounts of text information. Logic programming is programming in terms of logic. In 1973, the artificial intelligence language Prolog (PROLOG) (Programming in Logic) was created. A Prolog program is built from a sequence of facts and rules, then a statement is formulated, which Prolog tries to prove using the rules. The language itself searches for a solution using the search and matching methods that are embedded in it. Logic programs are not characterized by high performance, since the process of their execution comes down to constructing forward and backward chains of reasoning using various search methods.

Overview of programming languages

Assembler

Computer programming languages are divided into 2 main groups:

1) languages low level;

2) high level languages.

Low-level languages include Assembly languages. They got their name from the Assembler system program, which converts source programs written in such languages directly into machine instruction codes. The parts here are operators, and the result of assembly is a sequence of machine commands. Assembly language combines the advantages of a machine command language and some features of high-level languages. The assembler provides the ability to use symbolic names in the source program and saves the programmer from the tedious work (inevitable when programming in a machine instruction language) of allocating computer memory for instructions, variables and constants.

The assembler also allows flexible and complete use technical capabilities computer, as well as machine command language. The assembler source program translator is simpler than the translator required for a high-level programming language. In assembler, you can write a program that is as efficient in size and execution time as a program in machine instruction language. This advantage is absent in high-level languages. This language is often used for programming real-time systems, technological processes and equipment, ensuring the operation of information and measuring systems. Such systems usually have high requirements for the amount of computer memory they occupy. Often, Assembly language is supplemented with tools for generating macro instructions, each of which is equivalent to a whole group of machine instructions. This language is called macroassembly language. The use of poppy "building" blocks brings Assembly language closer to a high-level language. Assembly language is a machine-dependent language, i.e. it reflects the architectural features of a particular type of computer

Pascal

The Pascal programming language was developed by Nicolas Wirth, a professor at the Department of Computer Science at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in 1968 as an alternative to existing and increasingly complex programming languages such as PL/1, Algol, and Fortran. The intensive development of Pascal led to the appearance of its standard in the form of a revised message in 1973, and the number of translators from this language in 1979 exceeded 80. In the early 80s, Pascal further strengthened its position with the advent of the MS-Pascal and Turbo translators -Pascal for PC. Since then, Pascal has become one of the most important and widely used programming languages. It is significant that the language has long gone beyond academic and narrow professional interest and is used in most universities in highly developed countries not only as a user’s working tool. The most important feature of Pascal is the embodiment of the idea of structured programming. Another significant feature is the concept of data structure as one of the fundamental concepts.

The main reasons for Pascal's popularity are as follows:

The simplicity of the language allows you to quickly master it and create algorithmically complex programs

Developed means of representing data structures ensure ease of working with both numeric and symbolic and bit information

The presence of special techniques for creating translators from Pascal simplified their development and contributed to the wide dissemination of the language

The optimizing properties of Pascal translators allow you to create efficient programs. This was one of the reasons for using Pascal as a system programming language

The Pascal language implements the ideas of structured programming, which makes the program visual and provides good opportunities for development and debugging

Bell Labs employee Denis Ritchie created the C language in 1972 while working with Ken Thompson as a tool for implementing the Unix operating system, but the popularity of this language quickly outgrew the scope of a specific operating system and specific system programming tasks. Currently, any tool and operating system cannot be considered complete if it does not include a C language compiler. Ritchie did not just invent C out of his head - the prototype was the B language developed by Thompson. The C programming language was designed as a tool for practicing programmers. In accordance with this, the main goal of its author was to create a language that was convenient and useful in all respects.

C is a system programmer's tool and allows you to delve deeply into the most subtle mechanisms of information processing on a computer. Although the language requires great discipline from the programmer, it is not strict in its formal requirements and allows for brief formulations.

C is a modern language. It includes those control structures that are recommended by programming theory and practice. Its structure encourages the programmer to use top-down design, structured programming, and incremental module development in his work.

C is a powerful and flexible language. Most of the Unix operating system, compilers and interpreters of the languages Fortran, Pascal, Lisp, and BASIC are written with its help.

C is a convenient language. It is structured enough to support good style programming and at the same time is not bound by strict restrictions. In a sense, the C language is the most universal, because... In addition to a set of tools inherent in modern high-level programming languages (structure, modularity, certain data types), it includes tools for programming almost at the assembler level. A large set of operators and tools require the programmer to be careful, accurate and have a good knowledge of the language with all its advantages and disadvantages.

The C++ language appeared in the early 80s. Created by Bjarne Stroustrup with the original goal of freeing himself and his friends from programming in assembly, C, or various other high-level languages.

According to the author of the language, the difference between the ideology of C and C++ is approximately the following: a C program reflects the “way of thinking” of the processor, and C++ reflects the way of thinking of the programmer. Meeting the requirements modern programming,C++ places an emphasis on developing new data types that best match the concepts of the chosen field of knowledge and the tasks of the application. Class is a key concept in C++. The class description contains a description of the data required to represent objects of this type and a set of operations for working with similar objects.

Unlike traditional C and Pascal structures, the members of a class are not only data, but also functions. Member functions of a class have privileged access to data within objects of that class and provide an interface between these objects and the rest of the program. During further work, it is not at all necessary to remember the internal structure of the class and the mechanism of operation of the built-in functions. In this sense, a class is like an electrical device - few people know about its structure, but everyone knows how to use it.

The C++ language is a tool object programming, a new technique for program design and implementation that is likely to replace traditional procedural programming in the current decade. The main goal of the language's creator, Dr. Björn Stroustrup, was to equip the C++ language with constructs that would increase the productivity of programmers and facilitate the process of mastering large software products.

Abstraction, implementation, inheritance and polymorphism are the necessary properties of the C++ language, due to which it is not only universal, like the C language, but also an object language. Fortran Fortran is a widely used language, especially among users who do numerical modeling. This is due to several reasons:

The existence of huge funds of Fortran application programs accumulated over the years, as well as the presence of a huge number of programmers who effectively use this language;

The presence of effective Fortran translators on all types of computers, and the versions for different machines are quite standardized and transferring programs from machine to machine is usually not very difficult;

The initial focus of Fortran was on physical, mathematical and technical applications; in particular, this was manifested in the fact that for a long time it remained the only language with a built-in complex variable type and a large set of built-in functions for working with such variables.

Over the past period, a new methodology and philosophy of programming has been formed. Since the early 1970s, Fortran has come under deserved criticism. In 1977, a new language standard, Fortran 77, was adopted. It took a lot of time to create a new standard, but now we can consider that its development is completed and the new Fortran-90 standard has begun to enter the practice of Fortran users. Only on machines like the IBM PC there are several translators, for example, Watfor, Lap-Fortran, etc. But the most widely used on machines of this type are various versions of the Fortran-77 translator. Released in 1990, the MS-Fortran 5.0 translator almost completely complies with the Fortran-90 standard. Most major scientific and engineering applications are written in Fortran because it is portable and robust, and because it has built-in mathematical and trigonometric functions. An additional, integral part of any Fortran application program is an extended graphics library that allows you to use various graphic data and images.

The language was created mainly in 1975 - 1980 as a result of a grandiose project undertaken by the US Department of Defense with the goal of developing a unified programming language for so-called embedded systems (i.e. control systems for automated complexes operating in real time). This meant, first of all, on-board control systems for military objects (ships, planes, tanks, missiles, shells, etc.). Therefore, the decisions made by the authors of Ada should not be considered universal. They need to be perceived in the context of the characteristics of the chosen subject area. The language of Ada arose as a result of an international competition of language projects held in 1978-1979. Participants had to meet rather stringent requirements developed in detail under the auspices of the US Department of Defense. Interestingly, all the languages that reached the final rounds of this competition were based on Pascal. In this regard, Ada can be tentatively characterized as Pascal, developed taking into account the five basic requirements listed above. At the same time, the authors mainly followed the path of expanding Pascal with new elements. The result was a significantly more complex language.

COBOL

Cobol is comparative old language, designed primarily for research in the economic field. The language allows you to effectively work with a large amount of data; it is rich in various search, sorting and distribution capabilities. About Cobol programs based on widespread use in English, they say that they are understandable even to those who do not speak Cobol, since texts in this programming language do not need any special comments. Such programs are usually called self-documenting. Other advantages of Cobol usually include its structure. Quite powerful compilers from this language are designed for personal computers. Some of them are so effective that a program debugged on a personal computer can be easily transferred to mainframe computers.

While listing the disadvantages, one cannot help but remember that only simple algebraic calculations can be programmed in Cobol. For engineering calculations this language is no good. Another reason that to some extent holds back the development of the language is the presence in the United States of a specially created industry committee that develops standards, the observance of which is monitored by a government commission. As always happens in such cases, companies involved in software development are in no hurry to adjust their workpieces to the strict requirements of the commission, there is no competition between versions, and in the end the spread of the language loses

PL/1 was developed in 1964-1965 by IBM. PL/1 is one of the universal languages, i.e. it allows you to solve problems from different areas: numerical calculations, word processing, economic problems, etc. In terms of its capabilities, it covers languages such as Fortran, ALGOL-60 (created for numerical calculations), Cobol (for economic problems), although for a number of reasons PL/1 could not supplant these languages.

PL/1 contains all the basic constructs characteristic of so-called high-level languages, as well as a number of specific tools convenient for practical programming. The language resembles a constructor with a large number details - the user only needs to master those parts of the language that are practically necessary for him. Its operators are quite concise, which often allows the program to be written more compactly than in other languages. A programmer who knows PL/1 can easily master any other language of the same or similar class.

At the same time, PL/1 also has a number of disadvantages that make it difficult to learn and use the language. The main ones are as follows. Firstly, there are many tools that duplicate each other, they are difficult to remember, it is not clear what to use when, in addition, this reduces both the speed of translation and the speed of program execution. Secondly, the programs are not completely machine-independent.

Modula

We can consider that the history of the Modula language begins in 1980, when Niklaus Wirth, one of the outstanding information theorists, known to most specialists in computer technology mainly as the creator of the Pascal language, he published a description of a new programming language he called Modula. Unlike Pascal, which was intended to be a language for teaching programming, Modula was from the very beginning a language for professional system programs ists, continuing the best traditions of its predecessor and enriching them with new ideas that meet such requirements for programming languages as structure, modularity and extensibility. Like many other programming languages, Modula underwent an evolution, during which its original name was remade into the name Modula-2. Simultaneously with the development of the Modula language, new compilers were created for it, however, none of them could compete with the best implementations of the Pascal and C languages, for example, developed by Borland. During this transitional period for the Modula language, the best implementations were considered to be those made by Logitech, whose characteristics were inferior to Turbo Pascal and Turbo C. Only in 1988, after the Top Speed system appeared on the American market, Modula-2 took its rightful place among procedural languages intended for system programming. Several factors contributed to the growing popularity of the Top Speed system: a convenient and, in addition, easily changed operating environment at the request of users, a fast compiler and a selective link editor. But the most significant thing turned out to be that created programs They were very fast and did not take up much memory space.

BASIC

BASIC (Basic - Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code - “universal symbolic instruction code for beginners”). A direct descendant of Fortran and still the most popular programming language for personal computers. BASIC appeared in 1963 (it would be difficult to name the author, but the main credit for its appearance undoubtedly belongs to the Americans John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz). Like any advantages, the simplicity of BASIC came to fruition, especially in earlier versions difficulties of structuring; In addition, BASIC did not allow recursion - an interesting technique that allows you to write effective and at the same time short programs.

Powerful BASIC compilers have been developed, which provide not only rich vocabulary and high performance, but also the possibility of structured programming. According to some programmers, the most interesting versions are GWBASIC, Turbo-Basic and Quick Basic.

At one time, the appearance of Quick Basic marked the birth of the second generation of programming systems in the BASIC language. It provided the possibility of modular and procedural programming, creating libraries, compiling ready-made programs, etc., which brought it to the level of such classical programming languages as C, Pascal, Fortran, etc. Moreover, due to the lack of an official BASIC language standard, its implementation in the form of Quick Basic has become the de facto standard. Undisputed leaders among different versions BASIC was Quick Basic 4.5 and PDS 7.1 from Microsoft, which appeared in the late 80s.

Lisp

The Lisp language was proposed by J. McCarthy in 1960 and is aimed at developing programs for solving non-numerical problems. The English name of this language, LISP, is an abbreviation for the expression LISt Processing (list processing) and well highlights the main area of its application. The concept of “list” turned out to be very capacious. It is convenient to represent algebraic expressions, graphs, elements of finite groups, sets, inference rules, and many other complex objects in the form of lists. Lists are the most flexible form of representing information in computer memory. It is therefore not surprising that a convenient language specifically designed for processing lists has quickly gained popularity.

After the appearance of Lisp, various authors proposed a number of other algorithmic languages focused on solving problems in the field of artificial intelligence, among which are Planner, Snoball, Refal, Prolog. However, this did not prevent Lisp from remaining the most popular language for solving such problems. Over the almost forty-year history of its existence, a number of dialects of this language have appeared: Common LISP, Mac LISP, Inter LISP, Standard LISP, etc. The differences between them are not fundamental and mainly come down to a slightly different set of built-in functions and some difference in the notation form programs. Therefore, a programmer who has learned to work on one of them can easily master any other. The great advantage of Lisp is its functional orientation, i.e. programming is carried out using functions. Moreover, a function is understood as a rule that matches elements of a certain class with the corresponding elements of another class. The matching process itself does not have any effect on the operation of the program; only its result is important - the value of the function. This makes it relatively easy to write and debug large software systems. The clarity of programs, a clear delineation of their functions, and the absence of tricky side effects during their execution are mandatory requirements for programming such logically complex tasks as those of artificial intelligence. Discipline in programming becomes especially important when not just one person, but a whole group of programmers is working on a program.

The Lisp programming language is designed primarily for processing symbolic information. Therefore, it is natural that in the world of Lisp numbers play far from the main role. The basic data types in Lisp are called atom and dot pair.

Prologue

A logic programming language is designed to represent and use knowledge about a certain subject area. Programs in this language consist of a certain set of relations, and its execution is reduced to the derivation of a new relation based on the given ones. Prolog implements a declarative approach, in which it is enough to describe a problem using rules and statements regarding given objects. If this description is sufficiently accurate, then the computer can independently find the required solution.

Object PAL

Object PAL is powerful language programming. Object PAL is an object-oriented, event-driven, visual programming language. On entry level With Object PAL functionality, you can perform data operations, create special menus, and manage the data entry session. Events in Object PAL generate commands that simulate the effect of using Paradox interactively. It is possible to automate frequently performed tasks, as well as perform actions on tables, forms and reports that were not available during interactive work. Object PAL also provides all the facilities of a full-featured programming language in Windows environment. You can use Object PAL to create complete systems that implement a special menu system, a help system, and various data checks. In Object PAL, you can save your work in a dynamically linked library, which can be accessed by several forms. In addition, you can establish links with other dynamic libraries containing programs written in languages such as C, C++ or Pascal.

Object PAL can be used as a tool for creating standalone programs. You can write a complete Windows application and run it under Paradox.

Object PAL supports a dynamic data exchange mechanism as both a client and a server. In addition, Object PAL supports a mechanism for working with compound documents as a client. In addition to the above, it is possible to include multimedia in your application by providing the running application with sound and animation effects.

Borland's implementation of the dBase language is a successful hybrid of object orientation and traditional programming methods. It allowed the creation of systems using object design and the use of conventional record processing techniques. The great achievement of the Borland company was that it very successfully combined object and procedural programming techniques. The first version for Windows gave the user the most powerful object-based tool on the database software market. It allows you to create new classes of objects that have the properties of inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism. It also allows you to program these objects using traditional dBase commands, ideal for managing simple tabular databases. All this gives an undeniable advantage - to carry out the transition to object programming techniques without much difficulty, a transition so difficult, for example, as in the Paradox DBMS.

The Java language originated as part of a project to create advanced software for various household appliances. The project was started in C++, but a number of problems soon arose, the best way to combat which was to change the tool itself - the programming language. It became obvious that a platform-independent programming language was needed, allowing one to create programs that would not have to be compiled separately for each architecture and could be used on different processors under different operating systems. The Java language was required to create interactive products for the Internet. In fact, most of the architectural decisions made in the creation of Java were driven by the desire to provide a syntax similar to C and C++. Java uses almost identical conventions for declaring variables, passing parameters, passing operators, and for controlling the flow of code execution. Java adds all the good features of C++.

Three key elements come together to form Java language technology

Java provides widespread use of its applets - small, reliable, dynamic, platform-independent active network applications embedded in Web pages. Java Applets can be customized and distributed to consumers as easily as any HTML document.

Java unleashes the power of object-oriented application development by combining simple, familiar syntax with a robust, easy-to-use development environment. This allows a wide range of programmers to quickly create new programs and new applets.

Java provides the programmer with a rich set of object classes to clearly abstract many system functions used in windowing, networking, and I/O. The key feature of these classes is that they provide platform-independent abstractions for a wide range of system interfaces.

Programming languages for computer networks

Programming languages for computer networks are interpreted. Interpreters for them are distributed free of charge, and the programs themselves are in source code. Such languages are called script languages.

Perl is an interpreted language created by programmer Larry Wall for processing large texts and files and stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language. With Perl, for example, you can create a script that opens one or more files, processes the information, and writes the results.

Perl is a language adapted for processing arbitrary text files, extracting the necessary information from them and issuing messages. Perl is also useful for writing various system programs. This language is easy to use, efficient, but it is difficult to say that it is elegant and compact. The syntax of Perl expressions is close to the syntax of C. Recursion can be of arbitrary depth. Although Perl is designed to scan text files, it can also process binary data. Perl allows you to use regular expressions, create objects, insert pieces of Perl code into a C or C++ program, and also allows you to access databases, including Oracle.

With the invention of the World Wide Web, Perl proved to be an excellent tool for interacting with web servers through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). Perl commands can easily take data from an HTML form or other source and do something with it.

Language PHP(1995-1997) has database access tools and is used by creators of dynamic sites around the world.

Language Tcl/Tk(late 80s) consists of powerful commands designed to work with abstract untyped objects and allows you to create programs with a graphical interface.

Language VRML(1994) was created to organize virtual three-dimensional interfaces on the Internet.

Language XML. Since 1996, work has been going on to create a universal document structure language. Can become a replacement for HTML.