Fundamentals of power electronics power semiconductor devices. Power electronics concept

Reviewer Doctor of Technical Sciences F. I. Kovalev

The principles of electrical energy conversion are outlined: rectification, inversion, frequency conversion, etc. The basic circuits of converter devices, methods of controlling them and regulating the main parameters are described, areas of rational use of various types of converters are shown. Features of design and operation are considered.

For engineers and technicians who develop and operate electrical systems containing converter devices, as well as those involved in testing and servicing converter equipment.

Rozanov Yu. K. Power Electronics Fundamentals. - Moscow, publishing house Energoatomizdat, 1992. - 296 p.

Preface
Introduction

Chapter first. Basic elements of power electronics
1.1. Power semiconductors
1.1.1. Power diodes
1.1.2. Power transistors
1.1.3. Thyristors
1.1.4. Applications of power semiconductor devices
1.2. Transformers and reactors
1.3. Capacitors

Chapter two. Rectifiers
2.1. General information
2.2. Basic rectification circuits
2.2.1. Single-phase full-wave circuit with midpoint
2.2.2. Single-phase bridge circuit
2.2.3. Three-phase circuit with midpoint
2.2.4. Three-phase bridge circuit
2.2.5. Multi-bridge circuits
2.2.6. Harmonic composition of rectified voltage and primary currents in rectification circuits
2.3. Switching and operating modes of rectifiers
2.3.1. Switching currents in rectification circuits
2.3.2. External characteristics of rectifiers
2.4. Energy characteristics of rectifiers and ways to improve them
2.4.1. Power factor and efficiency of rectifiers
2.4.2. Improving the power factor of controlled rectifiers
2.5. Features of the operation of rectifiers for capacitive load and back-EMF
2.6. Anti-aliasing filters
2.7. Operation of a rectifier from a source of comparable power

Chapter three. Inverters and frequency converters
3.1. Grid-Driven Inverters
3.1.1. Single Phase Mid Point Inverter
3.1.2. Three-phase bridge inverter
3.1.3. Power balance in a grid-driven inverter
3.1.4. Main characteristics and operating modes of grid-driven inverters
3.2. Autonomous inverters
3.2.1. Current inverters
3.2.2. Voltage inverters
3.2.3. Voltage inverters based on thyristors
3.2.4. Resonant inverters
3.3. Frequency converters
3.3.1. Frequency converters with intermediate DC link
3.3.2. Direct Coupled Frequency Converters
3.4. Regulation of the output voltage of autonomous inverters
3.4.1. General principles of regulation
3.4.2. Control devices for current inverters
3.4.3. Output voltage regulation via pulse width modulation (PWM)
3.4.4. Geometric addition of stresses
3.5. Methods for improving the output voltage waveform of inverters and frequency converters
3.5.1. The influence of non-sinusoidal voltage on electricity consumers
3.5.2. Inverter output filters
3.5.3. Reduction of higher harmonics in the output voltage without the use of filters

Chapter Four. Regulators-stabilizers and static contactors
4.1. AC voltage regulators
4.2. DC regulators-stabilizers
4.2.1. Parametric stabilizers
4.2.2. Continuous stabilizers
4.2.3. Switching regulators
4.2.4. Development of switching regulator structures
4.2.5. Thyristor-capacitor DC regulators with dosed energy transfer to the load
4.2.6. Combined converter-regulators
4.3. Static contactors
4.3.1. Thyristor AC contactors
4.3.2. Thyristor DC contactors

Chapter five. Converter control systems
5.1. General information
5.2. Block diagrams of control systems for converter devices
5.2.1. Control systems for rectifiers and dependent inverters
5.2.2. Direct Coupled Frequency Converter Control Systems
5.2.3. Control systems for autonomous inverters
5.2.4. Control systems for regulators and stabilizers
5.3. Microprocessor systems in converter technology
5.3.1. Typical generalized microprocessor structures
5.3.2. Examples of using microprocessor control systems

Chapter six. Applications of power electronic devices
6.1. Areas of rational application
6.2. General technical requirements
6.3. Protection in emergency modes
6.4. Operational monitoring and technical condition diagnostics
6.5. Ensuring parallel operation of converters
6.6. Electromagnetic interference
Bibliography

Bibliography
1. GOST 20859.1-89 (ST SEV 1135-88). Semiconductor power devices of a single unified series. General technical conditions.

2. Chebovsky O. G., Moiseev L. G., Nedoshivin R. P. Power semiconductor devices: Handbook. -2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Energoatomizdat, 1985.

3 Iravis V. Discrete power semiconductors //EDN. 1984. Vol. 29, N 18. P. 106-127.

4. Nakagawa A.e.a. 1800V bipolar-mode MOSFET (IGBT) /A. Nakagawa, K. Imamure, K. Furukawa //Toshiba Review. 1987. N 161. P. 34-37.

5 Chen D. Semiconductors: fast, tough and compact // IEEE Spectrum. 1987. Vol. 24, N 9. P. 30-35.

6. Power semiconductor modules abroad / V. B. Zilbershtein, S. V. Mashin, V. A. Potapchuk, etc. // Electrical industry. Ser. 05. Power conversion technology. 1988. Vol. 18. P. 1-44.

7. Rischmiiller K. Smatries intelligente Ihstungshalbeitereine neue Halblieter-generation // Electronikpraxis. 1987. N6. S. 118-122.

8. Rusin Yu. S., Gorsky A. N., Rozanov Yu. K. Study of the dependence of the volumes of electromagnetic elements on frequency // Electrical industry. Conversion technology. 1983. No. 10. P. 3-6.

9. Electric capacitors and capacitor installations: Handbook / V. P. Berzan, B. Yu. Gelikman, M. N. Guraevsky and others. Ed. G. S. Kuchinsky. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987.

10. Semiconductor rectifiers / Ed. F.I. Kovalev and G.P. Mostkova. M.: Energy, 1978.

11. Circuit configuration of the GTO converter for superconducting magnetic energy storage / Toshifumi JSE, James J. Skiles, Kohert L., K. V. Stom, J. Wang//IEEE 19th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC"88), Kyoto, Japan, April 11 - 14, 1988. P. 108-115.

12. Rozanov Yu. K. Fundamentals of power converter technology. M.: Energy, 1979.

13. Chizhenko I. M., Rudenko V. S., Seyko V. I. Fundamentals of converter technology. M.: graduate School, 1974.

14. Ivanov V. A. Dynamics of autonomous inverters with direct switching. M.: Energy, 1979.

15. Kovalev F.I., Mustafa G.M., Baregemyan G.V. Control by calculated forecast of a pulse converter with a sinusoidal output voltage // Electrical industry. Conversion technology. 1981. No. 6(34).P. 10-14.

16. Middelbrook R. D. Isolation and multiple output extensions of a new optimum topology switching DC - tV - DC converter // IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC"78), 1978. P. 256-264.

17. Bulatov O. G., Tsarenko A. I. Thyristor-capacitor converters. M. Energoizdat, 1982.

18. Rozinov Yu. K. Semiconductor converters with a high-frequency link. M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987.

19. Kalabekov A. A. Microprocessors and their application in signal transmission and processing systems. M.: Radio and communication, 1988.

20. Stroganov R.P. Control machines and their application. M.: Higher School, 1986.

21. Obukhov S.T., Ramizevich T.V. Application of microcomputers for controlling valve converters // Electrical industry. Conversion technology. 1983. Vol. 3(151). P. 9

22. Control of valve converters based on microprocessors / Yu. M. Bykov, I. T. Par, L. Ya. Raskin, L. P. Detkin // Electrical industry. Conversion technology. 1985. Vol. 10. P. 117.

23. Matsui N., Takeshk T., Vura M. One-Chip Micro - Computer - Based controller for the MC Hurray Juneter // IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, 1984. Vol. JE-31, N 3. P. 249-254.

24. Bulatov O. G., Ivanov V. S., Panfilov D. I. Semiconductor charging device capacitive energy storage devices. M.: Radio and communication, 1986.

PREFACE

Power electronics is a constantly developing and promising field of electrical engineering. Advances in modern power electronics have a major impact on the pace of technological progress in all advanced industrial societies. In this regard, there is a need for a wide range of scientific and technical workers to have a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of modern power electronics.

Power electronics currently has fairly well-developed theoretical foundations, but the author did not set himself the task of even partially presenting them, since numerous monographs and textbooks are devoted to these issues. The contents of this book and the methodology for its presentation are intended primarily for engineering and technical workers who are not specialists in the field of power electronics, but are associated with the use and operation of electronic devices and apparatus and who want to gain an understanding of the basic principles of operation of electronic devices, their circuitry and general provisions for development and operation. In addition, most sections of the book can also be used by students of various technical educational institutions when studying disciplines whose curriculum includes issues of power electronics.

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Textbook. – Novosibirsk: NSTU Publishing House, 1999.

Parts: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

This textbook is intended (with two levels of depth of presentation of the material) for students of the faculties of FES, EMF, who are not “specialists” in power electronics, but are studying courses of various titles on the use of power electronics devices in electrical power, electromechanical, and electrical systems. Sections of the textbook, highlighted in block font, are intended (also at two levels of presentation depth) for additional, more in-depth study of the course, which allows you to use it as tutorial for students of the specialty "Promelelectronics" REF, who are preparing "as specialists" in power electronics. Thus, the proposed edition implements the “four in one” principle. Reviews of scientific and technical literature on the relevant sections of the course added to individual sections make it possible to recommend the manual as an informational publication for both undergraduates and graduate students.

Preface.
Scientific, technical and methodological foundations for the study of power electronics devices.
Methodology of a systems approach to the analysis of power electronics devices.
Energy indicators of the quality of energy conversion in valve converters.
Energy indicators of the quality of electromagnetic processes.
Energy indicators of the quality of use of device elements and the device as a whole.
Element base of valve converters.
Power semiconductor devices.
Valves with incomplete control.
Valves with full control.
Lockable thyristors, transistors.
Transformers and reactors.
Capacitors.
Types of electrical energy converters.
Methods for calculating energy indicators.
Mathematical models of valve converters.
Methods for calculating the energy performance of converters.
Integral method.
Spectral method.
Direct method.
Adu method.
Adu method.
Adu method(1).
Methods AduM1, Adum2, Adum(1).
The theory of transformation of alternating current into direct current with ideal parameters of the converter.
Rectifier as a system. Basic definitions and notations.
Mechanism for converting alternating current into rectified current in the base cell Dt/Ot.
Two-phase single-phase current rectifier (m1 = 1, m2 = 2, q = 1).
Single-phase rectifier using a bridge circuit (m1 = m2 = 1, q = 2).
Three-phase current rectifier with trans winding connection diagram.
triangle-star formator with zero terminal (m1 = m2 = 3, q = 1).
Three-phase current rectifier with a star-zigzag transformer winding connection diagram with zero (m1 = m2 = 3, q = 1).
Six-phase three-phase current rectifier with a connection of the secondary windings of a star-reverse star transformer with an equalizing reactor (m1 = 3, m2 = 2 x 3, q = 1).
Three-phase current rectifier using a bridge circuit (m1=m2=3, q=2).
Controlled rectifiers. Regulating characteristic theory of converting alternating current into direct current (with recuperation) taking into account the real parameters of the converter elements.
Switching process in a controlled rectifier with a real transformer. External characteristics.
The theory of rectifier operation on back-EMF at a finite value of inductance Ld.
Intermittent current mode (? 2?/qm2).
Extremely continuous current mode (? = 2?/qm2).
Continuous current mode (? 2?/qm2).
Operation of a rectifier with a capacitor smoothing filter.
Reversing the direction of active power flow in a valve converter with back EMF in the DC link - dependent inversion mode.
Dependent single-phase current inverter (m1=1, m2=2, q=1).
Dependent three-phase current inverter (m1=3, m2=3, q=1).
General dependence of the primary rectifier current on the anode and rectified currents (Chernyshev’s law).
Spectra of primary currents of transformers, rectifiers and dependent inverters.
Spectra of rectified and inverted voltages of the valve converter.
Optimization of the number of secondary phases of the rectifier transformer. Equivalent multiphase rectification circuits.
The influence of commutation on the effective values of transformer currents and its typical power.
Efficiency and power factor of a valve converter in rectification and dependent inversion mode.
Efficiency.
Power factor.
Rectifiers with fully controlled valves.
Rectifier with advanced phase control.
Rectifier with pulse-width regulation of rectified voltage.
Rectifier with forced formation of a curve of current consumed from the supply network.
Reversible valve converter (reversible rectifier).
Electromagnetic compatibility of the valve converter with the power supply network.
Model example of electrical design of a rectifier.
Selecting a rectifier circuit (structural synthesis stage).
Calculation of parameters of controlled rectifier circuit elements (parametric synthesis stage).
Conclusion.
Literature.
Subject index.

Zinovev G.S. Fundamentals of power electronics. Part 1

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Novosibirsk: NSTU, 1999. This textbook is intended (at two levels of depth of presentation of the material) for students of the faculties of FES, EMF, who are not “specialists” in power electronics, but are studying courses of various titles on the use of power electronics devices in electrical power, electromechanical, electrical systems . Sections of the textbook, highlighted in block font, are intended (also with two levels of inscription depth...

Zinoviev G.S. Power Electronics Fundamentals (1/2)

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Textbook. – Novosibirsk: NSTU Publishing House, Part One. 1999. – 199 p. This textbook is intended (with two levels of depth of presentation of the material) for students of the faculties of FES, EMF, who are not “specialists” in power electronics, but are studying courses of various titles on the use of power electronics devices in electrical power, electromechanical, and electrical systems. Sections of the textbook, highlighted in block font, are intended...

Zinoviev G.S. Fundamentals of power electronics. Volume 2,3,4

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Textbook. – Novosibirsk: NSTU Publishing House, Parts two, three and four. 2000. – 197 p. The second part of the textbook, a continuation of the first part, published in 1999, is devoted to the presentation of the basic circuits of converters of direct voltage to direct voltage, constant voltage to alternating voltage (autonomous inverters), alternating voltage to alternating voltage of constant or adjustable frequency. The material is also structured according to the principle “...

Zinoviev G.S. Fundamentals of power electronics. Volume 5

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Textbook. – Novosibirsk: NSTU Publishing House, Part Five. 2000. – 197 p. The second part of the textbook, a continuation of the first part, published in 1999, is devoted to the presentation of the basic circuits of converters of direct voltage to direct voltage, constant voltage to alternating voltage (autonomous inverters), alternating voltage to alternating voltage of constant or adjustable frequency. The material is also structured according to the four-in-one principle...

Zinoviev G.S. Fundamentals of power electronics. Part 2

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Novosibirsk: NSTU, 2000. This textbook is the second part of three planned for the course “Fundamentals of Power Electronics”. The first part of the textbook is accompanied by a methodological guide to laboratory work, implemented using the departmental software package for modeling power electronics devices PARUS-PARAGRAPH. The material in the second part of the textbook is supported by computerized laboratory courses.

Book "Fundamentals of Power Electronics" will allow a beginning radio amateur to step by step, with a soldering iron in his hands, through the thorns to the stars - from understanding the basics of power electronics to the mountain peaks of professional skill.

The information presented in the book is divided into three categories of training levels for specialists in the field of power electronics. After mastering the next stage of preparation and answering unique exam questions, the student is “transferred” to the next level of knowledge.

The book provides practical, theoretical and background information sufficient to enable the reader, as he progresses through the pages of the book, to independently calculate, assemble and configure the electronic design he likes. To improve the professional skills of the reader, the book contains numerous practice-tested useful tips, as well as real circuits of electronic devices.
The publication may be useful to readers of different ages and levels of training who are interested in the creation, design, improvement and repair of elements and components of power electronics.

Introduction

Chapter I. Mastering the basics of power electronics
1.1. Definitions and laws of electrical engineering
1.2. Basic elements of power electronics
1.3. Series-parallel and other connection
radio electronics elements
Series-parallel connection of resistors
Series-parallel connection of capacitors
Series-parallel connection of inductors
Series-parallel connection of semiconductor diodes
Composite transistors
Darlington and Sziklai-Norton schemes
Parallel connection of transistors
Serial connection of transistors
1.4. Transients in RLC circuits
Transients in CR and RC circuits
Transient processes in LR and RL circuits
Transients in CL and LC circuits
1.5. Linear transformer power supplies
Typical block diagram of a classic secondary power supply
Transformer
1.6. Rectifiers
1.7. Power smoothing filters
Single element single section C-filter
Single element single link L filter
Two-element single-link L-shaped LC filter
Two Element Single Section L-shaped RC Filter
Three-element single-link U-shaped diode smoothing filter
Compensation filter
Multi-link anti-aliasing filters
Active filters
Transistor anti-aliasing filter
Filter with series transistor
Filter with parallel connection of transistor
Comparative characteristics of power supply filters
1.8. Surge Protectors
Parallel voltage stabilizer
for increased load power
Series voltage regulator
Series compensation regulator
using an operational amplifier
Voltage stabilizers on integrated circuits
1.9. Voltage converters
Capacitor voltage converters
Self-excited voltage converters
Voltage converters with external excitation
Switching voltage converters
1.10. Questions and tasks for self-testing knowledge

Chapter II. Practical power electronics designs
2.1. Rectifiers
Single-phase dual-channel and step-regulated rectifiers
Schemes of three-phase (polyphase) rectifiers
Half Wave Polyphase Rectifier
2.2. Voltage multipliers
2.3. Power smoothing filters
2.4. DC Stabilizers
Stable current generators
Current mirror
Stable current generators based on field-effect transistors
Stable current generators based on field-effect and bipolar transistors
Stable current generators using operational amplifiers
GTS using specialized microcircuits
2.5. Surge Protectors
Voltage references
Parallel type voltage stabilizers
on specialized chips
Switching stabilized voltage regulator
Step-down switching voltage regulator
Laboratory stabilized power supply
Switching voltage stabilizers
2.6. Voltage converters
Boost DC/DC converter
Stabilized voltage converter
Voltage converter 1.5/9 V to power the multimeter
Simple voltage converter 12/220 V 50 Hz
Voltage converter 12V/230V 50 Hz
Typical circuit of a DC/DC converter with galvanic isolation on TOPSwitch
Voltage converter 5/5 V with galvanic isolation
2.7. Voltage converters for powering gas-discharge and LED
light sources
Low-voltage power supply to LDS with adjustable brightness
Voltage converter for powering a fluorescent lamp
Converter for power supply of LDS to TVS-110LA
Energy saving lamp power converter
Drivers for powering LED light sources
for powering LED light sources from galvanic
AA or rechargeable batteries
Voltage converters on microcircuits
for powering LED light sources from AC mains
2.8. Dimmers
Dimmers for controlling the intensity of incandescent lamps
Dimmers to control radiation intensity
LED light sources
2.9. Batteries and chargers
Comparative battery characteristics
Universal chargers
for charging NiCd/NiMH batteries
Li-Pol charge controller battery on a chip
Charger for Li-Pol battery
Device for charging LiFePO4 and Li-Ion batteries
Automatic solar chargers
Wireless chargers
2.10. Regulators and stabilizers of electric motor shaft speed
Characteristics of electric motors
DC motors
DC motor speed controllers
on integrated circuits
Automatic cooler speed controller for computer
Temperature dependent fan switch
Electric motor shaft speed stabilizer
Adjusting and stabilizing the rotation speed of a DC motor
Speed Controller for DC Motor
PWM speed controllers for DC motors
Electric motor speed regulator with reversing
AC motors
Connecting a three-phase asynchronous electric motor
to a single-phase network
Three-phase voltage from electric motor
Single-phase to three-phase voltage converter
Three-phase voltage formers based on
electronic analogue of the Scott transformer
Wide-range three-phase voltage generator
Frequency converters for powering three-phase asynchronous
electric motors
Using Pulse Width Modulation
for regulating electric motor speed
Stepper motor speed controller
Motor overload protection device
2.11. Power Factor Correctors
Capacity Triangle
Power factor correction methods
Passive power factor correction
Active power factor correction
2.12. Mains voltage stabilizers
Main characteristics of stabilizers
Ferroresonant stabilizers
Electromechanical stabilizers
Electronic stabilizers
Inverter stabilizers
Uninterruptible or backup power supplies
2.13. Repair and adjustment of power electronics units
2.14. Questions and tasks for self-testing knowledge
to move to the next step

Chapter III. Professional technical solutions power electronics issues
3.1. Methodological foundations of engineering and technical creativity in solving
practical problems of radio electronics
3.2. Methods for solving creative problems
Solving creative problems of the first level of complexity
Time or zoom lens method
Solving creative problems of the second level of complexity
Brainstorming (brainstorming, brainstorming)
Solving creative problems of the third level of complexity
Functional cost analysis
Power electronics problems
for the development of creative imagination
3.3. Patents and new ideas in the field of power electronics
New patents in the field of power electronics
Compensating DC voltage stabilizer
DC voltage stabilizer
AC to DC Buck Converter
Unipolar to bipolar voltage converter
Micropower unipolar to bipolar voltage converter
Barrier-resistive elements - baristors and their application
Induction heating
Current transformer for heating coolant
3.4. Power electronics of unusual phenomena
Paradoxical experiments and their interpretation
Kirlian photography technique
Installation for studying gas-discharge processes
Circuitry of devices for Kirlian photography
Generator for obtaining Kirlian photographs
Devices for ultratone therapy
Electronic radioactive dust collectors - electronic vacuum cleaner
Ion engine
Ionolet
Ionophone or singing arc
Plasma ball
Simple linear accelerator - Gauss gun
Railgun
3.5. Features of the use of passive elements in power electronics
Rows of resistor and capacitor values
Resistors for power electronics
Capacitors for power electronics
Frequency characteristics of capacitors various types
Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors
Inductors for power electronics
Basic parameters of inductors
Frequency properties of inductors
3.6. Features of the use of semiconductor devices in power electronics
Properties of a p-p junction
Bipolar transistors
MOSFET and IGBT transistors
3.7.Snubbers
3.8. Cooling of power electronics elements
Comparative characteristics of cooling systems
Air cooling
Liquid cooling
Thermal coolers using the Peltier effect
Piezoelectric active cooling modules
3.9. Questions and tasks for self-testing knowledge

Appendix 1. Methods for winding toroidal transformers
Appendix 2. Safety precautions during manufacturing and commissioning
and operation of power electronics devices
List of literature and Internet resources

Download Fundamentals of Power Electronics (2017) Shustov M.A.

Content:

Preface
Introduction
Chapter first. Basic elements of power electronics
- 1.1. Power semiconductors
  - 1.1.1. Power diodes
  - 1.1.2. Power transistors
  - 1.1.3. Thyristors
  - 1.1.4. Applications of power semiconductor devices
- 1.2. Transformers and reactors
- 1.3. Capacitors
Chapter two. Rectifiers
- 2.1. General information
- 2.2. Basic rectification circuits
  - 2.2.1. Single-phase full-wave circuit with midpoint
  - 2.2.2. Single-phase bridge circuit
  - 2.2.3. Three-phase circuit with midpoint
  - 2.2.4. Three-phase bridge circuit
  - 2.2.5. Multi-bridge circuits
  - 2.2.6. Harmonic composition of rectified voltage and primary currents in rectification circuits
- 2.3. Switching and operating modes of rectifiers
  - 2.3.1. Switching currents in rectification circuits
  - 2.3.2. External characteristics of rectifiers
- 2.4. Energy characteristics of rectifiers and ways to improve them
  - 2.4.1. Power factor and efficiency of rectifiers
  - 2.4.2. Improving the power factor of controlled rectifiers
- 2.5. Features of the operation of rectifiers for capacitive load and back-EMF
- 2.6. Anti-aliasing filters
- 2.7. Operation of a rectifier from a source of comparable power
Chapter three. Inverters and frequency converters
- 3.1. Grid-Driven Inverters
  - 3.1.1. Single Phase Mid Point Inverter
  - 3.1.2. Three-phase bridge inverter
  - 3.1.3. Power balance in a grid-driven inverter
  - 3.1.4. Main characteristics and operating modes of grid-driven inverters
- 3.2. Autonomous inverters
  - 3.2.1. Current inverters
  - 3.2.2. Voltage inverters
  - 3.2.3. Voltage inverters based on thyristors
  - 3.2.4. Resonant inverters
- 3.3. Frequency converters
  - 3.3.1. Frequency converters with intermediate DC link
  - 3.3.2. Direct Coupled Frequency Converters
- 3.4. Regulation of the output voltage of autonomous inverters
  - 3.4.1. General principles of regulation
  - 3.4.2. Control devices for current inverters
  - 3.4.3. Output voltage regulation via radio frequency modulation (PWM)
  - 3.4.4. Geometric addition of stresses
- 3.5. Methods for improving the output voltage waveform of inverters and frequency converters
  - 3.5.1. The influence of non-sinusoidal voltage on electricity consumers
  - 3.5.2. Inverter output filters
  - 3.5.3. Reduction of higher harmonics in the output voltage without the use of filters
Chapter Four. Regulators-stabilizers and static contactors
- 4.1. AC voltage regulators
- 4.2. DC regulators-stabilizers
  - 4.2.1. Parametric stabilizers
  - 4.2.2. Continuous stabilizers
  - 4.2.3. Switching regulators
  - 4.2.4. Development of switching regulator structures
  - 4.2.5. Thyristor-capacitor DC regulators with dosed energy transfer to the load
  - 4.2.6. Combined converter-regulators
- 4.3. Static contactors
  - 4.3.1. Thyristor AC contactors
  - 4.3.2. Thyristor DC contactors
Chapter five. Converter control systems
- 5.1. General information
- 5.2. Block diagrams of control systems for converter devices
  - 5.2.1. Control systems for rectifiers and dependent inverters
  - 5.2.2. Direct Coupled Frequency Converter Control Systems
  - 5.2.3. Control systems for autonomous inverters
  - 5.2.4. Control systems for regulators and stabilizers
- 5.3. Microprocessor systems in converter technology
  - 5.3.1. Typical generalized microprocessor structures
  - 5.3.2. Examples of using microprocessor control systems
Chapter six. Applications of power electronic devices
- 6.1. Areas of rational application
- 6.2. General technical requirements
- 6.3. Protection in emergency modes
- 6.4. Operational monitoring and technical condition diagnostics
- 6.5. Ensuring parallel operation of converters
- 6.6. Electromagnetic interference
Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

In electronic engineering, power electronics and information electronics are distinguished. Power electronics originally emerged as a field of technology primarily concerned with converting various types electricity based on the use of electronic devices. Subsequent advances in semiconductor technology have made it possible to significantly expand functionality, power electronic devices and, accordingly, their areas of application.

Modern power electronics devices allow you to control the flow of electricity not only for the purpose of converting it from one type to another, but also for distribution and organizing high-speed protection electrical circuits, compensation reactive power etc. These functions, closely related to the traditional tasks of the electric power industry, determined another name for power electronics - power electronics. Information electronics is primarily used for control information processes. In particular, information electronics devices are the basis of control and regulation systems for various objects, including power electronics devices.

However, despite the intensive expansion of the functions of power electronics devices and their areas of application, the main scientific and technical problems and tasks solved in the field of power electronics are associated with. transformation of electrical energy.

Electricity is used in different forms: in the form of alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz, in the form of direct current (over 20% of all generated electricity), as well as alternating current of high frequency or currents of a special form (for example, pulsed, etc.). This difference is mainly due to the diversity and specificity of consumers, and in some cases (for example, in autonomous power supply systems) and primary sources of electricity.

The diversity in the types of electricity consumed and generated necessitates its conversion. The main types of electricity conversion are:

1) rectification (converting alternating current to direct current);
2) inversion (converting direct current to alternating current);
3) frequency conversion (converting alternating current of one frequency into alternating current different frequency).

There are also a number of other, less common types of conversion: current waveforms, number of phases, etc. In some cases, a combination of several types of conversion is used. In addition, electricity can be converted to improve the quality of its parameters, for example, to stabilize the voltage or frequency of alternating current.

Electricity conversion can be done different ways. In particular, traditional for electrical engineering is transformation through electric machine units consisting of an engine and a generator united by a common shaft. However, this conversion method has a number of disadvantages: the presence of moving parts, inertia, etc. Therefore, in parallel with the development of electrical machine conversion in electrical engineering, much attention was paid to the development of methods for static conversion of electricity. Most of these developments were based on the use of nonlinear elements of electronic technology. The main elements of power electronics, which became the basis for the creation of static converters, were semiconductor devices. The conductivity of most semiconductor devices depends significantly on the direction electric current: in the forward direction their conductivity is high, in the reverse direction it is small (that is, a semiconductor device has two clearly defined states: open and closed). Semiconductor devices can be uncontrolled or controlled. In the latter, it is possible to control the moment of onset of their high conductivity (switching on) using low-power control pulses. The first domestic works devoted to the study of semiconductor devices and their use for converting electricity were the works of academicians V. F. Mitkevich, N. D. Papeleksi and others.

In the 1930s, gas-discharge devices (mercury valves, thyratrons, gastrons, etc.) were common in the USSR and abroad. Simultaneously with the development of gas-discharge devices, the theory of electricity conversion was developed. Basic types of circuits have been developed and extensive research has been carried out on the electromagnetic processes that occur during rectification and inversion of alternating current. At the same time, the first works appeared on the analysis of circuits of autonomous inverters. In the development of the theory of ion converters, a major role was played by the work of Soviet scientists I. L. Kaganov, M. A. Chernyshev, D. A. Zavalishin, as well as foreign ones: K. Müller-Lübeck, M. Demontvigne, V. Schiling and others.

A new stage in the development of converter technology began in the late 50s, when powerful semiconductor devices appeared - diodes and thyristors. These devices, developed on the basis of silicon, have their own technical specifications far superior to gas discharge devices. They are small in size and weight, have a high efficiency value, have high speed and increased reliability when operating in a wide temperature range.

The use of power semiconductor devices has significantly influenced the development of power electronics. They became the basis for the development of highly efficient converter devices of all types. In these developments, many fundamentally new circuitry and design solutions were adopted. The industry's development of power semiconductor devices has intensified research in this area and the creation of new technologies. Taking into account the specifics of power semiconductor devices, old methods of circuit analysis were refined and new methods were developed. The classes of circuits for autonomous inverters, frequency converters, DC regulators and many others have significantly expanded, and new types of power electronics devices have appeared - static contactors with natural and artificial switching, thyristor reactive power compensators, high-speed protection devices with voltage limiters, etc.

Electric drives have become one of the main areas of effective use of power electronics. Thyristor units and complete devices have been developed for DC electric drives and are successfully used in metallurgy, machine tool building, transport and other industries. The development of thyristors has led to significant progress in the field of adjustable AC electric drives.

Highly efficient devices have been created that convert industrial frequency current into variable frequency alternating current to control the speed of electric motors. For various fields of technology, many types of frequency converters with stabilized output parameters have been developed. In particular, high-frequency, powerful thyristor units have been created for induction heating of metal, which provide a great technical and economic effect by increasing their service life compared to electric machine units.

Based on the introduction of semiconductor converters, the reconstruction of electrical substations for mobile electric transport was carried out. Significantly improved quality of some technological processes in the electrometallurgical and chemical industries through the introduction of rectifier units with deep regulation of output voltage and current.

The advantages of semiconductor converters have determined their widespread use in uninterruptible power supply systems. The scope of application of power electronic devices in the field of consumer electronics (voltage regulators, etc.) has expanded.

Since the beginning of the 80s, thanks to the intensive development of electronics, the creation of a new generation of power electronics products has begun. The basis for it was the development and industrialization of new types of power semiconductor devices: turn-off thyristors, bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, etc. At the same time, the the speed of semiconductor devices, the values of the limiting parameters of diodes and thyristors, integrated and hybrid technologies for the manufacture of semiconductor devices of various types have developed, and microprocessor technology for controlling and monitoring converter devices has begun to be widely introduced.

Using a new element base made it possible to fundamentally improve such important technical and economic indicators as efficiency, specific mass and volume values, reliability, quality of output parameters, etc. A trend has been identified to increase the frequency of electricity conversion. Currently, miniature secondary power sources of low and medium power with intermediate conversion of electricity at frequencies in the supersonic range have been developed. The development of the high-frequency (over 1 MHz) range has led to the need to solve a set of scientific and technical problems in designing converter devices and ensuring their electromagnetic compatibility as part of technical systems. The technical and economic effect obtained by switching to higher frequencies fully compensated for the costs of solving these problems. Therefore, at present, the tendency to create many types of converter devices with an intermediate high-frequency link continues.

It should be noted that the use of fully controlled high-speed semiconductor devices in traditional circuits significantly expands their capabilities in providing new operating modes and, consequently, new functional properties of power electronics products.

Published Date: 10/12/2017

Do you know the basics of power electronics?

We can trace the overwhelming progress in this matter to the development of commercial thyristors or silicon rectifiers (SCRs) by General Electric Co.

Power electronics concept

Power electronics- one of the modern topics in electrical engineering, which in Lately has achieved great success and influenced people's lives in almost all areas. We ourselves use so many power electronic applications in our daily lives without even realizing it. Now the question arises: “What is power electronics?”

We can define power electronics as a subject that is a hybrid of power, analog electronics, semiconductor devices and control systems. We base the fundamentals of each entity and apply it in a combined form to produce a regulated form of electrical energy. Electrical energy itself is not usable until it is converted into a tangible form of energy such as motion, light, sound, heat, etc. To regulate these forms of energy, effective way is the regulation of electrical energy itself, and these forms are the content of subject power electronics.

We can trace the overwhelming progress in this matter to the development of commercial thyristors or silicon rectifiers (SCRs) by General Electric Co. in 1958. Previously, control of electrical energy was carried out mainly using thyratrons and mercury arc rectifiers, which work on the principle of physical phenomena in gases and vapors. After SCR, many high-power electronic devices appeared, such as GTO, IGBT, SIT, MCT, TRIAC, DIAC, IEGT, IGCT and so on. These devices are rated at several hundred volts and amps, as opposed to signal level devices that operate at a few volts and amps.

To achieve the purpose of power electronics, the devices act as nothing more than a switch. All power electronic devices act as a switch and have two modes i.e. ON and OFF. For example, the BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) has three areas of operation in the output characteristics disabled, active and saturated. In analog electronics, where the BJT must act as an amplifier, the circuit is designed to bias it into the active region of operation. However, in power electronics, a BJT will operate in the cutoff region when it is turned off and in the saturation region when it is turned on. Now when devices are to work as a switch, they must follow the basic characteristic of a switch, that is, when the switch is on, it has zero voltage drop across it and passes full current through it, and when it is OFF, it has full voltage drop across it. it and zero current flowing through it.

Now, since in both modes the value of V or I is zero, the power of the switch is also always zero. This characteristic is easily visualized in a mechanical switch and the same must be observed in a power electronic switch. However, there is almost always leakage current through the devices when it is in the OFF state, i.e. Ileakage ≠ 0 and there is always a voltage drop in the ON state, i.e. Von ≠ 0. However, the magnitude of Von or Ileakage is very less and hence the power through the device is also very small, in the order of a few millivolts. This power is dissipated in the device and therefore proper heat evacuation from the device is an important aspect. Apart from these state and OFF state losses, there are also switching losses in power electronic devices. This happens mainly when the switch switches from one mode to another and the V and I through the device change. In power electronics, both losses are important parameters of any device and are necessary to determine its voltage and current ratings.

Only power electronic devices are not so useful in practical applications and therefore require design with the circuit along with other supporting components. These supporting components are similar to the decision making part that controls the power electronic switches to achieve the desired result. This includes the firing pattern and circuit feedback. The block diagram below shows a simple power electronic system.

The control unit receives the output signals from the sensors and compares them with the references and accordingly inputs the input signal into the firing circuit. The firing circuit is basically a pulse generating circuit that produces a pulse output in such a way as to control the power electronic switches in the main circuit block. The end result is that the load receives the required electrical power and hence provides the desired result. A typical example of the above system would be controlling the speed of motors.

There are mainly five types of power electronic circuits, each with a different purpose:

Rectifiers - Converts fixed AC current to AC DC
Choppers - converts permanent D.C. to AC DC
Inverters - convert direct current into alternating current with variable amplitude and variable frequency
AC Voltage Controllers - Convert fixed AC current to AC current at the same input frequency
Cycloconverters - converts fixed AC current to variable frequency AC current

There is a common misconception regarding the term converter. A converter is basically any circuit that converts electricity from one form to another. Therefore, all the listed five are types of converters.