Command line: basic commands. Description of the PING command On which side is the error

On the Internet, in particular on forums, if there is a problem connecting to any node (), it is recommended to check the ping or perform a route trace and thus check the availability of the server.

But what is ping and what is trace? Ping is a tool (utility) for checking the integrity of connections in TCP/IP-based networks. Tracing (traceroute or tracert command) is a program for determining data routes on TCP/IP networks.

However, it is not always possible to find information about exactly how this check is performed: how to ping or how to make a route.

Ping check

To check ping, use the same command ping, which must be entered on the command line. Launch command line possible in the following ways:

Windows:

1) Start -> All programs -> Standard -> Command line

2) Start -> Execute -> cmd

There are many terminals in this OS, so you can use any of those installed on your PC for these purposes. Usually a standard terminal can be launched with a keyboard shortcut CTRL+ALT+T.

So, to ping a specific server, you need to run the command:

Ping

For example, to ping an address 11.222.33.44 you need to run the command:

Ping 11.222.33.44

Below is an example of the results of ping one of the IP addresses.

As can be seen from the results, 4 packets of 32 bytes in size were sent and received. The exchange time for one packet was 47 milliseconds.

It's worth noting that Windows only sends 4 packets by default. In Linux, packet exchange continues until the user independently stops the process with a keyboard shortcut CTRL+C. To run ping in a similar way on Windows, you must use the parameter -t. For example:

Ping -t 11.222.33.44

Stopping packet exchange is performed using the same key combination - CTRL+C.

Setting the number of packets to be sent

To set the maximum number of packets to be sent, you must use the following command:

Windows:

Ping -n<число_пакетов>

For example:

Ping -n 5 11.22.33.44

Ping -c<число_пакетов>

For example:

Ping -c 5 11.22.33.44

Changing the size of sent packets

To ping using a specific packet size (in bytes), you need to use the following command:

Windows:

Ping -l<размер_пакетов>

For example:

Ping -l 64 11.22.33.44

Ping -s<размер_пакетов>

For example:

Ping -s 64 11.22.33.44

In this case, packets of 64 bytes in size were sent.

A route trace can show the speed at which packets travel between the routers that connect the PC from which the requests are coming and the destination server.

The following command is used to perform tracing:

Windows:

Tracert

For example:

Tracert wikipedia.org

Traceroute

For example:

Traceroute wikipedia.org

It is worth noting that by default, tracing also performs a DNS query to resolve the IP address in Domain name for each passing router. This option can be disabled, thereby reducing the time it takes to obtain trace results.

To activate this option you must use the following type of command:

Windows:

Tracert -d

Traceroute -n

PING is a basic Windows command line utility for testing connections on TCP/IP based networks. The PING command uses ICMP echo request messages to verify an IP-level connection to another TCP/IP-enabled computer. After each transmission, a corresponding message with an echo response is displayed.

Ping is perhaps the most basic TCP/IP command among Windows users, used for troubleshooting and testing Internet access.

The Ping command, run without parameters, displays help. Works equally effectively for everyone Windows versions, including Windows 10.

You can also use the following commands to check the network:

• TRACERT - determines the path to the destination by sending echo messages;
• PATHPING - provides information about data loss on intermediate nodes.

Syntax parameters important keys of the PING command

ping [-t] [-a] [-n counter] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v type] [-r counter] [-s counter] [(-j host_list | - k node_list)] [-w interval] [target_machine_name], where

• -t - Sets the ping command to send echo request messages to the destination until the command is aborted. To interrupt the command and display statistics, press CTRL-BREAK. To interrupt and exit the ping command, press CTRL-C.

• -a - Sets reverse name resolution to the destination IP address. If successful, the name of the corresponding node is displayed.

• -n counter - Sets the number of echo request messages to be sent. Default is 4.

• -l size - Sets the length (in bytes) of the data field in sent echo request messages. Default is 32 bytes. The maximum size is 65527.

• -f - Sets echo request messages to be sent with the "Don"t Fragment" flag in the IP header set to 1. Echo request messages are not fragmented by routers on the way to their destination. This setting is useful for troubleshooting problems encountered with the maximum block data for the channel (Maximum Transmission Unit).

• -i TTL - Sets the value of the TTL field in the IP header for echo request messages sent. The default is the node's default TTL. For Windows XP hosts this value is typically 128. The maximum TTL value is 255.

• -v type - Sets the value of the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header for echo request messages sent. The default value is 0. The type is a decimal value from 0 to 255.

• -r counter - Specifies the Record Route option in the IP header to record the path taken by the echo request message and its corresponding echo reply message. Each hop in the path uses a route entry parameter. Whenever possible, the counter value is set to be equal to or greater than the number of hops between the source and destination. The counter parameter has a value from 1 to 9.

• -s counter - Specifies an Internet Timestamp option in the IP header to record the arrival time of the echo request message and its corresponding echo reply message for each hop. The counter parameter has a value from 1 to 4.

• -j node_list - Specifies that echo request messages use the free routing option in the IP header with the set of intermediate destinations specified in host_list. In free routing, successive intermediate destinations can be separated by one or more routers. The maximum number of addresses or names in a host list is 9. A host list is a collection of IP addresses (in dotted decimal notation) separated by spaces.

• -k node_list - Specifies that echo request messages use the strict routing option in the IP header with the set of intermediate destinations specified in host_list. In strict routing, the next intermediate destination must be directly reachable (it must be adjacent on the router interface). The maximum number of addresses or names in a host list is 9. A host list is a collection of IP addresses (in dotted decimal notation) separated by spaces.

• -w interval - Specifies, in milliseconds, the time to wait to receive an echo reply message that corresponds to an echo request message. If an echo reply message is not received within the specified interval, a "Request timed out" error message is issued. The default interval is 4000 (4 seconds).

• destination_computer_name - Specifies a destination identified by an IP address or hostname.

Examples of using the PING command

• To display command prompt help for a command, type: ping /?;
• To check the connection of the ya.ru address before manual termination, enter: ping ya.ru -t;
• To send an ICMP echo request message to destination 192.168.1.1 and match it to its hostname, enter: ping -a 192.168.1.1;
• To send an ping message to 10.0.99.221 with ten ping messages, each with a 1000-byte data field, enter: ping -n 10 -l 1000 10.0.99.221;
• To send a ping message to destination 10.0.99.221 and record the route for 4 hops, enter: ping -r 4 10.0.99.221;
• To send a ping message to 10.0.99.221 and set free routing to destinations 10.12.0.1-10.29.3.1-10.1.44.1, enter: ping -j 10.12.0.1 10.29.3.1 10.1.44.1 10.0.99.221.

Video - How to use the PING utility

Team PING it is perhaps the most used command line network utility. PING present in all versions of all operating systems network-enabled and is a simple and convenient means of querying a host by name or IP address.

A special control message protocol is used to exchange service and diagnostic information on the network. ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol). Team ping allows you to send a control message like Echo Request(type is 8 and is indicated in the ICMP message header) to the addressed node and interpret the response received from it in a form convenient for analysis. The data field of the sent icmp packet usually contains characters of the English alphabet. In response to such a request, the requested node must send an icmp packet with the same data that was received and the message type Echo Reply(the type code in the ICMP header is 0). If any problem occurs during the exchange of icmp messages, the ping utility will display information to diagnose it.

Command line format:

Ping [-t] [-a] [-n number] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r number] [-s number] [[-j Node list] | [-k Nodelist]] [-w timeout] finalName

Options:

-t- Continuous sending of packages. Keyboard combinations are used to complete and display statistics Ctrl+Break(statistics output and continuation), and Ctrl+C(statistics output and completion).
-a- Determining addresses by host names.
-n number- Number of echo requests sent.
-l size- Size of the data field in bytes of the sent request.
-f- Setting a flag that prohibits packet fragmentation.
-i TTL- Setting the lifetime of the package (the "Time To Live" field).
-v TOS- Specifying the type of service (field "Type Of Service").
-r number- Record a route for a specified number of hops.
-s number- Time stamp for the specified number of transitions.
-j listNodes- Free choice of route from a list of nodes.
-k listNodes- Hard route selection based on a list of nodes.
-w timeout- Maximum time to wait for each response in milliseconds.

Examples of using:

ping google.com- echo request to a node with name google.com with default parameters - the number of packets is 4, the length of the data array = 32 bytes.

ping -6 ya.ru- node ping ya.ru using IPv6 protocol

ping -a 192.168.1.50- perform a ping to determine the name of the terminal node by its address.

ping -s 192.168.0.1 computer- node ping computer from source 192.168.0.1. Used when the computer has several network interfaces.

ping w 5000 ya.ru- ping with a waiting timeout of 5 seconds (default - 4 seconds).

ping -n 5000 -l 1000 site- node polling website 5000 times, in packets with data 1000 bytes long. The allowed maximum data length is 65500.

ping -n 1 -l 3000 -f ya.ru- ping with packet fragmentation prohibited.

ping -n 1-r 3 ya.ru- send 1 echo request per node ya.ru with display of the first 3 transitions along the route.

ping -i 5 ya.ru- ping indicating lifetime TTL=5. If more hops along the route are required to reach the end node, the router that interrupted the delivery will respond with the message “The time to live (TTL) has been exceeded while transmitting the packet.”

Generalized connection diagram for a computer (tablet, laptop) home network) with the end node removed can be represented as follows:

The most common network with IP addresses 192.168.1.0 /255.255.255.0 is used as the home network. We are talking about IPv4 - IP protocol version 4, where 4 bytes are used for addressing. IP addresses It is customary to represent them as decimal byte values ​​separated by dots. Each device on the network must have its own unique address. In addition to the address, the network settings use mask network (subnet mask). The mask has the same format as the address. The combination of address and mask determines the range of addresses that belong to local network- 192.168.1.0-192.168.1.255. The first and last addresses in the range are not assigned to individual network devices because they are used as the network address and broadcast address. Typically the router address is set to 192.168.1.1 or 192.168.1.254. This is not a mandatory standard, but is used quite often in practice. The one bits of the mask determine the permanent part of the network's IP address, and the zero bits are allocated to individual nodes. Meaning 255 is a byte with its bits set to one. The netmask serves as a means of determining the range of IP addresses belonging to the local network. Devices with such addresses are reachable locally, without using routing. Routing is a way of exchanging data with network devices not belonging to a given local network through a special device - router(router, router). Routers are specialized computers with multiple network interfaces and specialized software providing the forwarding of IP packets between the sender and recipient located on different networks. Several routers may participate in such forwarding, depending on the complexity of the route. Home router- the simplest type of router that forwards packets addressed to external networks to the next router in the provider’s network. The next router checks whether the end node's address is reachable locally, and either forwards the data to it or forwards it to the next router according to the route table. This happens until the data reaches the recipient or the packet's lifetime expires.

The PING command can be used to diagnose individual nodes:

ping 127.0.0.1- this is the ping of the loopback interface. It should run without errors if the network software components are installed and in working order.

ping your IP or name- ping to your own address or name. Should complete without errors if all IP protocol software is installed and is working properly network adapter.

ping router IP address- must be executed if it is working properly LAN card computer, the cable or wireless connection used to connect to the router is working, and the router itself is working. In addition, the IP settings must be such that the address of the computer and the router belong to the same subnet. This is usually the case when network settings are performed automatically using the router's DHCP server.

ping yandex.ru- poll the node named yandex.ru. If the survey fails, the reason may be not only the lack of communication with the provider’s router, but also the inability to determine the node address yandex.ru due to problems with software name resolution.

ping 8.8.8.8- poll the node with IP address 8.8.8.8. If polling by address is completed without errors, but polling by name ends with a message about an unknown host, then the problem is in name resolution. The reason may be that the provider's DNS server is not working. In this case, you can try changing it in the settings network connection to public DNS servers Google with addresses 8.8.4.4 and 8.8.8.8. Also, the problem may be caused by poor communication quality with the provider, which is accompanied by too long response times and packet drops.

ping -t yandex.ru- perform ping before pressing the CTRL+C combination. When you press CTRL+Break, statistics are displayed and the node polling continues.

Ping -n 1000 -l 500 192.168.1.1 - ping 1000 times using messages 500 bytes long. Pinging with standard length packets of 32 bytes can be performed without errors, but with long ones - with errors, which is typical for wireless connections at low signal levels in conditions of intense interference.

Ping -n 1 -r 9 -w 1000 yandex.ru - perform ping 1 time (switch -n 1), issue a route for the first 9 hops (-r 9), wait for a response 1 second (1000ms)

As a result of executing this command, the route trace is also displayed:

Exchange of packages with yandex.ru with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 87.250.251.11: number of bytes=32 time=36ms TTL=54
Route: 81.56.118.62 ->
81.56.112.1 ->
10.109.11.9 ->
10.109.11.10 ->
195.34.59.105 ->
195.34.52.213 ->
195.34.49.121 ->
195.34.52.213 ->
87.250.239.23

Ping statistics for 87.250.251.11:

Packets: sent = 1, received = 1, lost = 0
(0% loss)
Approximate round trip time in ms:
Minimum = 36ms, Maximum = 36ms, Average = 36ms

In this example, a chain of 9 routers is built between the sender and recipient of the packets. It is necessary to take into account the fact that in the version of the utility ping.exe for Windows, the number of transitions can take a value from 1 to 9. In cases where this value is not enough, the command is used tracert

The absence of an echo response is not always a sign of a problem, since sometimes, for security reasons, some hosts are configured to ignore echo requests sent by PING. An example would be the node microsoft.com and some routers in small ISP networks.

Using PING in batch files.

Often, the PING command is used to organize delays in batch files. The loopback interface is pinged indicating the desired packet counter value specified by the parameter -n. Echo requests are sent at intervals of 1 second, and the response on the loopback interface arrives almost instantly, so the delay will be approximately equal to the counter minus one:

ping -n 11 127.0.0.1- delay of 10 seconds.

The PING command is used in batch files to determine the availability of IP addresses. Since the survey result is not reflected in any way in the ERRORLEVEL variable, instead of analyzing it, a search for certain characteristics is used in the PING standard output data. If you look closely at the messages of the ping.exe program when polling an accessible and inaccessible node, you will notice that they differ significantly

ping 456.0.0.1- ping to a non-existent address

The response to such a command may differ from the specific version of the utility, and may be something like this

The ping failed to find host 456.0.0.1. Check the hostname and try again.

ping yandex.ru- ping to the yandex.ru node address

Response to ping of an accessible node:

Exchange of packages with yandex.ru of 32 bytes:
Reply from 87.250.250.11: number of bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=55

Thus, to solve the problem of determining the availability of a node in batch file, it is enough to analyze the characteristic words in the output of ping.exe upon a successful response. Most characteristic in this case is the presence of the word TTL. It is never encountered when an error occurs and consists only of characters from the English alphabet. To search for "TTL" in the results of ping.exe, it is most convenient to chain its execution with the command to search for a string of characters FIND.EXE(ping and find pipeline). If the text is found by the FIND command, then the value of the ERRORLEVEL variable will be equal to 0

ping -n 1 COMPUTER | find /I "TTL" > nul
if %ERRORLEVEL%==0 goto LIVE
ECHO computer is not available
unavailable state routine
...
Exit
:LIVE - start of the subroutine for processing the node's availability status
...
...

In more simple version you can use the commands:

PING yandex.ru |find "TTL=" && ECHO Yandex pingable- the ECHO command is executed if the ERRORLEVEL value set by FIND is 0, i.e. the node yandex.ru responds to ping.

PING Server64 |find "TTL=" || ECHO Server64 not pingable- the ECHO command is executed if the ERRORLEVEL value set by FIND is not equal to 0, i.e. node Server64 did not respond to ping.

I think any administrator knows the ping command, which is used to check the availability of hosts. If you are an experienced administrator, you most likely won't learn anything new from this article. If your knowledge is limited to the banal ping ya.ru, I advise you to read the article to the end.

Example 1: Changing the time interval between sending packets

By default, packets are sent at intervals of one second. You can change this interval using the -i option.

Increasing interval

Example: Wait 5 seconds before sending the next packet.

$ ping -i 5 IP

Reducing the interval

Example: Wait 0.1 second before sending the next packet.

# ping -i 0.1 IP

The note: Only the superuser can specify an interval less than 0.2 seconds. Otherwise you will see a message like this.

$ ping -i 0.1 127.0.0.1 PING 0 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. ping: cannot flood; minimal interval, allowed for user, is 200ms

Example 2: Checking the local interface

Before checking the remote host, it is recommended to first check if everything is ok with your local interface. You can use the following 3 methods for this.

Ping zero (0)

This is the simplest and quick way:

$ ping 0 PING 0 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.024 ms ^C

Ping by name

Ping via IP

There should be no packet loss.

Example 3. Send N packets and exit

To automatically end ping after sending the number of packets you specify, use the -c option.

In the following example we will send 5 packets.

$ ping -c 5 google.com PING google.com (74.125.45.100) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from yx-in-f100.google.com (74.125.45.100): icmp_seq=1 ttl=44 time=731 ms 64 bytes from yx-in-f100.google.com (74.125.45.100): icmp_seq=2 ttl =44 time=777 ms 64 bytes from yx-in-f100.google.com (74.125.45.100): icmp_seq=3 ttl=44 time=838 ms 64 bytes from yx-in-f100.google.com (74.125.45.100 ): icmp_seq=4 ttl=44 time=976 ms 64 bytes from yx-in-f100.google.com (74.125.45.100): icmp_seq=5 ttl=44 time=1071 ms --- google.com ping statistics -- - 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4216ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 731.039/879.129/1071.050/126.625 ms

Example 4. Version of the ping command

With the -V option we can look current version teams.

$ ping -V ping utility, iputils-sss20071127

Example 5. Flood on the network

The superuser can send thousands or more packets in a short time using the -f option.

As shown below, ping -f sent over 400,000 packets in a few seconds.

# ping -f localhost PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. .^C --- localhost ping statistics --- 427412 packets transmitted, 427412 received, 0% packet loss, time 10941ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.003/0.004/1.004/0.002 ms, ipg/ewma 0.025/0.004 ms

Example 6: Beep

This option is rarely used, but can be very useful. You start pinging, there is no response from the host, you figure out what's wrong, and as soon as the problem is resolved and the remote host responds, you will hear a sound.

$ ping -a IP

Example 7: Print only command execution statistics

Using the -q option, you can skip the responses from the remote host and display the resulting statistics directly.

$ ping -c 5 -q 127.0.0.1 PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. --- 127.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 3998ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.047/0.053/0.061/0.009 ms

Example 8: Changing the batch size

You can change the size of the packet sent using the -s option.

Example: Let's change the packet size from 56 to 100.

$ ping -s 100 localhost PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 100(128) bytes of data. 108 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms 108 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms 108 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms ^C --- localhost ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 1998ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.020/0.021/0.022/ 0.000 ms

Example 9. Command execution duration

Using the -w option, we can specify the command execution time in seconds.

In the following example we will ping the localhost for 5 seconds.

$ ping -w 5 localhost

The note: If the -w and -c options are used simultaneously, the utility will terminate when the first constraint is triggered.

Example 10: Quick Statistics with SIGQUIT

Without interrupting the ping command, you can view execution statistics. To do this you need to click CTRL + |

$ ping -w 100 localhost PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=11 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms 11/11 packets, 0% loss, min/avg/ewma/max = 0.020/0.022/0.022/0.024 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=12 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=13 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=14 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=15 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms 19/19 packets, 0% loss, min/avg/ewma/max = 0.020/0.022/0.022/0.024 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=31 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=32 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms 32/32 packets, 0% loss, min/avg/ewma/max = 0.020/0.022/0.022/0.027 ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=33 ttl=64 time=0.023 ms ..

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Team Windows string, as a rule, is not used by most users, perhaps because not everyone knows what commands to use in this or that case, how useful it can sometimes be, or even what it is?

If you are one of those users, I hope this article will help you get started using it. Perhaps you just forgot some command, and here I hope to help you.

At first glance, rj may seem like a boring, complicated or useless tool, but I assure you, it is not so!

This article is intended solely as an introduction to some of the many useful commands.

Basic cmd commands.

1. Forced stop running process Ctrl+C

The first command you should know is pressing two keys Ctrl and C at the same time. This combination stops almost any team. If you find an error in the command you entered, you can simply erase unnecessary characters using the backspace button, but if you have already run the wrong thing, you can use the Ctrl+C combination.

Attention! This command is not a magic wand! It will not be able to cancel processes that cannot be canceled, so be careful!

2. Call help using the command /?

The second command you should remember is /? . By typing these two characters after another command, you will see help for the command you are interested in. For example:

3. Information about your network connection

This command will display information about your local network connection:

You can find out more complete information about your computer by typing the command.

4. Ping check (connection check) ping

Let's say you have two computers connected via an Ethernet cable (we have already discussed how to crimp a cable to create a local network earlier). You need to be sure that there is a connection between them. To do this, you need to run ping 192.168.0.5 from a computer whose IP address is 192.168.0.1 (where 192.168.0.5 is the IP address of the second computer).

If everything is in order, then pings will appear in front of you. If something is done wrong, you will see the message The specified node is unavailable. You can stop this command with Ctrl+C.

5. Exit the command line exit .

You can close the command line window with the exit command.

6. Copying files xcopy.

A very useful tool for copying files. Let's say you want to copy photos from drive C to an external drive.

Dial xcopy c:photo f:photo /s /e(where f is the external drive).

6. Checking time time.

If you need to adjust by typing time you will be presented with the current time. And here you will be offered to change the time to the correct one.

7. Open a new command line window cmd or start .

Enter cmd command or start and a new command line window will open in front of you. You can also simply clear the current window. To do this, type the command cls (clear screen).

8. System check sfc files/scannow.

Malware sometimes tries to replace system kernel files with modified versions in order to gain control of the system. System File Checker can be used to check the integrity of files Windows systems. If any files are damaged or deleted, they will be replaced.

9. Information about installed drivers driverquery.

If you want to see what drivers are installed on your PC, you can do so by running the driverquery command. This command provides information about each driver you have.

If you need a little more information, you can add the Latin letter V (here's what driverquery-V would look like).

10. Find out the IP address of the site nslookup site.ru

Type nslookup site.ru in the command line to find out the IP address of site.ru.

11. Insert text

In order to paste text into the command line, you need, as usual, to copy it from the source, and then simply right-click once in the black screen area.