The sockets of any processors originate from the socket for microcircuits, being, in fact, microcircuits for the logical execution of program codes. The first processors were no different in design from other microelectronic devices and at first did not have a socket for installation and were soldered directly onto a printed circuit board, also known as - motherboard.
How to apply this knowledge?
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Let's look at all the Intel processors created today and the sockets for them that went into production:
History of sockets before the creation of mass personal computers
Socket DIP– had a standard design for a 40-pin microcircuit design, suitable not only for early models of Intel processors, but also for various microcircuits of that time. Used by eight-bit Intel processors since 1970 8008 , 8080 And 8085 . Speed characteristics – 5-10 MHz. PLCC socket– its use began around 1978, the socket became the prototype of all executable sockets for processors. The socket is made in the form of a recessed square, the sockets of the processor legs are made along the edges of the socket. Used by 32-bit series processors 80186 , 80286 , 80386 since 1982. Speed characteristics – 6-40 MHz.The first personal computers
Socket 1– with the release of this socket in 1989, the era of processors made in PGA form factor. The socket had a square design with sockets for numerous processor legs. The processors had 169 pins with motherboard and were the first mass-produced processors personal computers. The socket was used by series processors 80486DX, 80486GX, 80486SX, 80486SL, 80486DX2, 80486DX4. Speed characteristics – 16-33 MHz.Socket 2– was a continuation of the development of sockets for processors. The socket was used at the same time as Socket 1, but had more contacts - 238. Processors were used from the same series, speed characteristics increased - 25-83 MHz.
Here's a comparison of the technical data and features of the latest jewelry made by the Californian company. This does not mean that it is a waste processor, nothing more. Still one of the best, let's see why. In fact, these speeds are theoretical: actual performance increases only when programs running more than one thread run simultaneously.
However, lower models only have two cores. Speeds, however, range from a ridiculous 1.06 GHz to a phenomenal 3.73 GHz per core. Really high power to get maximum performance for any operation that we do on a PC.
Socket 3– created for interfacing processors based on the 486 series of processors. The socket is also used by AMD 486 series processors, the speed characteristics do not change 25-83 MHz.
The first computers worldwide
Socket 4– the first socket for series processors Pentium 1, supported overclocking and replacement functions, the processors operated on a bus from 60 to 66 MHz, which accordingly made it possible for the first Pentiums to have speed characteristics of 120-133 MHz. Supported installation of 273-pin processors since 1993.Socket 5– continued the development of Intel processors and was made to operate on a system bus from 50 to 66 MHz, and supported the installation of 320-pin processors Intel Pentium 1. Third-party processors were also produced for it. We can say that this was the first standard socket for processors up to 300 MHz.
Socket 6– slightly modified Socket 3, due to its late release for the 486 series processors, is poorly known on the market. It had a 235-pin processor socket. Speed characteristics up to 166 MHz.
The first fully multimedia computers
Socket 7- the most common socket for all processors up to 300 MHz, meaning that based on the terminology of Intel Pentium 1, it ended with the use of fifth-generation technology at 300 MHz. It had a design with 321 contacts. Supported processors Pentium MMX And Intel Pentium , and third-party processors. Produced since 1994.Socket 8– designed specifically for the processor Intel Pentium PRO and processor Intel Pentium 2 OverDrive, had 387 pin sockets for the processor and was made in a rectangular form factor. The speed characteristics of the processors used are up to 333 MHz. Released in 1995, the socket was discontinued in favor of the Slot 1 connector. Socket SLOT 1– to use all processor capabilities Intel Pentium II and further Intel Pentium 3, the main feature is an increased processor cache, removed from the processor core; processors are created that are implemented on printed circuit board with 242 edge contacts, different contact name SC242. Start of connector production in 1997. Supported processors Intel Pentium 2 And Intel Pentium III, as well as third-party processors. An adapter for processors was released Socket 370, the processors were inserted into an adapter, which in turn was connected to SLOT 1. Speed characteristics from 233 to 1200 MHz. SLOT 2 connector– designed for server and multitasking solutions using Intel Pentium 2 and Intel Pentium 3 Xeon series, unlike SLOT 1 it supported a second cache level of up to 2 Megabytes. Somewhat vaguely reminiscent of the SLOT 1 connector but had 330 contacts. Speed characteristics from 400 to 100 MHz.
The era of modern computers
Socket 370– the most common socket for Intel processors. This is where the era of dividing Intel processors into inexpensive solutions begins Celeron with trimmed cache and Pentium– more expensive full versions company product. The connector was installed on motherboards with a system bus from 60 to 133 MHz. The socket is made in the form of a square plastic movable box; when installing a processor with 370 contacts, a special plastic lever presses the processor legs to the contacts of the connector. Supported processors Intel Celeron Coppermine, Intel Celeron Tualatin, Intel Celeron Mendocino, Intel Pentium Tualatin, Intel Pentium Coppermine. Speed characteristics of installed processors range from 300 to 1400 MHz. Supported third party processors. Produced since 1999.Socket 423– first socket for processors Pentium 4. It had a 423-pin grid of legs and was used on motherboards ah personal computers. It existed for less than a year, due to the inability of the processor to further increase in frequency, the processor could not pass the frequency of 2 GHz. Replaced by Socket 478 connector. Production began in 2000.
Socket 478– released to follow the competitor’s connector (AMD) Socket A, since previous processors were unable to raise the 2 Gigahertz bar, and AMD took the lead in the processor manufacturing market. The connector supports Intel solutions - Intel Pentium 4, Intel Celeron, Celeron D, Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition. Speed characteristics from 1400 MHz to 3.4 GHz. Produced since 2000. Socket 495– connector for mobile solutions from Intel. It had 495 contacts and supported the Intel Celeron series of processors. Speed characteristics 450 – 900 MHz. Produced since 2000.
PAC418 socket– special socket for pairing processors Intel Itanium made using IA-64 technology and were server processors supplied to HP and a number of other companies. It was carried out on a printed circuit board and had, accordingly, 418 edge contacts. Speed characteristics up to 800 MHz. Produced since 2001.
Socket 603– Intel's next server connector for the Xeon series. A Socket 603 processor could be installed in Socket 604. Made in a square form factor, it had 603 slots for processor legs. Speed characteristics of installed processors range from 1400 MHz to 3 GHz. Produced since 2001.
Socket PAC611– is a 611-pin microprocessor socket for installation on processor motherboards Intel Itanium 2. The speed characteristics of the installed processors are 800-1000 MHz. Produced since 2002.
Socket 604– intended for server platforms and workstations, a continuation of the Socket 603 connector. Made in a 604-pin design. Designed for processors Intel Xeon E7xxx series, motherboards with this socket used a bus from 400 to 1066 MHz. Produced since 2002. Speed characteristics from 1600 MHz to 3800 MHz. Socket 479– intended for use in mobile solutions, has 479 pin sockets for Intel processors. Although there was a purpose mobile computers, but was used in desktop solutions. Pentium processor M The design for this socket had 478 contact pins. The remaining processors for this socket are: Pentium III M released in 2001, Pentium M And Celeron M version 3xxx and later compatible socket processors. Produced since 2003. Speed characteristics from 400 MHz and higher.
Today's computers
Socket 775 or Socket T– the first connector for Intel processors without sockets, made in a square form factor with protruding contacts. The processor was installed on the protruding contacts, the pressure plate was lowered, and using a lever it was pressed against the contacts. Still used in many personal computers. Designed to work with almost all fourth generation Intel processors - Pentium 4, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, Celeron D, Pentium Dual-Core, Pentium D, Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo and Xeon series processors. Produced since 2004. Speed characteristics of installed processors range from 1400 MHz to 3800 MHz.Socket M– the most common mobile socket. It was used for almost all Intel mobile processors, and is still relevant in the production of laptops. Made in 478-pin design. Designed for Intel processors - Celeron, Core Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core Duo, Celeron M. Produced since 2006. Speed characteristics of processors from 1600 MHz to 3000 MHz.
Socket J or socket LGA 771– the server socket, updated in 2006, has a design with protruding contacts. Intended for server solutions. The socket is used by such Intel processors - Dual-Core And Quad-Core Xeon series, Core 2 Extreme QX9775. Speed characteristics from 2 GHz and higher.
Socket P– a modern socket for mobile processors. Has 478 contact sockets. Produced since 2007. Suitable for everything mobile processors Intel company - Dual-Core with T5xxx By T9xxx, Penium Dual-Core with Т23хх By T4xxx, Core 2 Quad. Speed characteristics from 1.6 GHz and higher.
Socket 441– a special socket designed for processors Intel Atom . Used only for these low-power processors. Produced since 2008. Speed characteristics from 600 MHz to 2100 MHz. LGA 1366 socket– one of the main connectors from Intel on this moment. Made in 1366 contact form, produced since 2008. Supports Intel processors – Core i7 series 9xx, Xeon series 35xx to 56xx, Celeron P1053. Speed characteristics from 1600 MHz to 3500 MHz.
LGA 1156 socket– the most modern Intel socket today. Made using 1156 protruding contacts. Produced from 2009 to this day. Designed for modern Intel processors for personal computers. Speed characteristics from 2.1 GHz and higher.
LGA 1248 socket– designed for processors Intel Itanium 93xx series, performed for server solutions and workstations. Start of technology support Intel QuickPath. Produced since 2010. Has 1248 protruding contacts for interface with the processor. Speed characteristics – up to 19 GB/s.
LGA 1567 socket- created for server processors Xeon series 75xx and 76xx. Made in 1567 contact version, produced since 2010. Speed characteristics from 19 GB/s to 25.6 GB/s.
Near future
LGA 1155 socket or Socket H2– designed to replace the LGA 1156 socket. Supports the most modern processor Sandy Bridge and future Ivy Bridge . The connector is made in 1155-pin design. Produced since 2011. Speed characteristics up to 20 GB/s. LGA 2011 socket or Socket R– the most latest development Intel company, will replace LGA 1366. The connector is made in a 2011-pin design. Supports Sandy Bridge E-series processor. New processors are currently being developed for the socket. Speed characteristics from 19 GB/s to 25.6 GB/s.The concept of a socket is, perhaps, a kind of passive characteristic of the processor, but at the same time this term is one of the key ones when packaging a system.
In this article we will understand the concept of a socket and consider more or less popular processor sockets from two major CPU manufacturers - AMD and Intel.
Socket. What and how?
Simply put, a socket is a connector (socket) on the motherboard where the processor is installed. But when we say “processor socket,” we mean by this both the socket on the motherboard and the support of this socket by certain lines of processors. The socket is needed precisely so that you can easily replace a failed processor or upgrade the system with a more powerful processor.
At the physical level, sockets differ in the number of contacts, the type of contacts, the distance of mounts for processor coolers and many other little things that make almost all sockets incompatible. There are also technological differences: the presence of various additional controllers, higher performance parameters, support for integrated graphics in the processor, etc.
As mentioned above, socket selection is an important part of system assembly. If you select a processor that is oriented to a different socket than in the motherboard, then the system will not work if the processor fits into an incompatible socket. It is better not to conduct such experiments with incompatible sockets, since you can damage the contacts on the processor or connector, which will most likely lead to component failure.
Therefore, when buying a motherboard and processor, first select the processor, and then look for a motherboard with a compatible socket for it. The list of supported processors can be found on the official website of the motherboard manufacturer to make sure that a particular model is compatible.
Well, now, we will look at the most popular processor sockets from amd and intel, omitting greatly outdated versions like 370 sockets for Pentium III and the like.
Intel sockets
The dynamics of updating sockets for Intel processors is an order of magnitude higher than that of AMD. As part of its penultimate series of processors, as many as three new sockets appeared, and they are completely incompatible.
All this is both good and bad. The good thing is that with frequent updates sockets and release for each (even) part of the processor line, we can observe an increase in performance and more specific targeting specific model.
But the big minus is that it’s quite difficult to upgrade when every New episode processors fits a new socket, you have to change not only the processor, but also the motherboard.
Now let's look at a few specific sockets from Intel:
Socket (LGA 2011 socket) – one of the new sockets for some Ivy Bridge processors (Corei7, i5, i3 – 3xxx)
It can be noted that this socket was more of a marketing ploy to shake up the market and increase prices (at first) for processors that were positioned for this socket. But still improvements in performance could be noticed. Now, processors for this socket have fallen in price, which cannot be said about motherboards with LGA 2011; they remain several times more expensive than similar motherboards for the same LGA 1155, which we will look at below.
Socket (socket LGA 1155, 1156, 1366)– these sockets can be conditionally placed in one “pack”, but I repeat once again: they are not compatible, although they are positioned under the same Sandy Bridge II microarchitecture, just for different versions.
Socket 1155 turned out to be the most popular, and most systems are now built on it. For powerful systems and server solutions on board with Corei7 and Xeon, Socket 1366 was developed.
Socket (LGA 775 socket) – these sockets are already obsolete, although they still live in many systems; they were positioned for several lines at once, such as Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Celeron and others.
AMD sockets
AMD's policy is more conservative in this regard. Several sockets are compatible thanks to the "+" series. For example, Socket AM2 is compatible with AM2+, which provides greater opportunities for upgrades, but at the same time, this is a little unpleasant marking time, which is not permissible for the IT sector.
Socket (socket AM3 and AM3+)– you can say the socket and its modification, according to the specifications they are compatible with each other, they were developed for FX, Phenom II, Athlon II processors. A socket for the most powerful Bulldozer (FX) among the AMD camp, which did not live up to expectations, but having dropped in price, became a more interesting application, from the point of view of good performance for low price. Sockets AM3 and AM3+ are now the most popular; most of both cheap and more expensive systems are equipped with them. That is, we can safely state the practicality of these sockets.
Socket (socket AM2 and AM2+)– sockets for Phenom processors, Athlon, Sempron. Also, fully compatible. Today they can be considered a little outdated, although a lot of systems built on the basis of these sockets are still actively working.
Socket (socket FM1 and FM2)– FM sockets were created for processors AMD series Fusion, which feature very powerful integrated graphics. This socket and processors compatible with it should be targeted by those who do not want to spend money on a discrete video card and will be content with integrated graphics.
So we examined, in fairly detailed form, the concept of a socket and the main sockets intel processors and amd. I recommend that you read other articles on the portal, which describe other characteristics of processors.
